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A&P > immune system > Flashcards

immune system Flashcards

1
Q

non-specific resistance

A

aka natural immunity
immunity that is immediate throughout the body and serves as protection against a wide array of pathogens
present from birth

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2
Q

chemical and mechanical barriers of non-specific resistance

A

first-line of defense
tears
skin
mucous membranes

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3
Q

second line of defense of non-specific resistance

A

inflammation
fever
phagocytosis
complement and interferon (protective proteins)

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4
Q

antigen

A

molecule recognized as foreign by immune system and elicits an immune response

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5
Q

MHC

A

proteins found on a cell’s surface that distinguish b/w self and non-self

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6
Q

tissue transplant

A

recipient’s immune system recognize the transplanted tissue as foreign due to diff MHC proteins
leads to rejection and attacking of these cells within the recipient’s body
prevented via immunosuppressive therapy

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7
Q

immunoglobulin

A

aka antibodies
proteins produced by immune system and respond to foreign invaders

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8
Q

IgA

A

prevent pathogens from entering the body through mucosal membranes

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9
Q

IgD

A

present on the surface of B cells and activate them

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10
Q

IgE

A

associated w/ allergic reactions and parasites
trigger the release of histamines

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11
Q

IgG

A

most abundant
long-term immunity
opsonization and the neutralization of toxins

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12
Q

IgM

A

first antibody produced during an immune response

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13
Q

diversity of immunoglobulins

A

crucial for the immune system to recognize and respond to a wide variety of pathogens

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14
Q

humoral response

A

maturation of B cells in bone marrow
clonally expands and produces a population of identical cells
some become plasma cells and secrete antibodies
form memory cells
has extracellular targets

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15
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells mature in the thymus
cytotoxic, helper, and suppressor T cells
has intracellular targets

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16
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

kill antigens by releasing cytotoxic substances
targets cancers, virus-infected cells, intracellular bacteria/parasites, mismatched transfusions, and organ transplants

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17
Q

helper T cells

A

release cytokines that stimulate the release of other immune cells

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18
Q

suppressor T cells

A

suppress immune responses that are too excessive in nature via cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-B)

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19
Q

clonal selection

A

naive lymphocyte’s first encounter w/ an antigen and its selection for further development

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20
Q

secondary immune response

A

more rapid and heightened immune rxn that occurs upon re-exposure to an antigen

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21
Q

immunological memory

A

ability of the immune system to remember previous encounters w/ specific antigens and respond efficiently upon re-exposure

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22
Q

memory cells

A

include B and T cells
remember a specific antigen and produce a faster response upon re-exposure

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23
Q

hapten

A

small molecules that elicit an immune response and produce antibodies when bounded to larger carrier proteins or macromolecules
ex: drugs, chemicals
causes delayed hypersensitivities
must be presented to T cells along with foreign antigens in order to trigger T cell cloning

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24
Q

adaptive immunity

A

third-line of defense
attacks particular foreign substances
specific=recognizes and targets specific antigens
systemic=not restricted to initial stie

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25
Q

opsonization

A

marks pathogen
coating by complement proteins or antibodies

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26
Q

phagocytes

A

neutrophils
macrophages

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27
Q

phagosome

A

particles in vesicle

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28
Q

phagocytosis

A

helper T cells cause release of enzymes of respiratory burst which release cell-killing free radicals, produce oxidizing chemicals, and increase pH and osmolarity of phagolysosome
defensins in neutrophils pierce membrane

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29
Q

NK cells

A

non-phagocytic large granule lymphocytes
attack cells that lack self cell-surface receptors (MHC class I)
induce apoptosis
enhance inflammatory response
antibody coating target cell (opsinization)

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30
Q

inflammatory response

A

macrophages and epithelial cells of boundary tissues bear TLRs
trigger release of cytokines that promote inflammation
mediators include kinins, PGs, and complement
dilate arterioles (hyperemia)->causes redness and heat
swelling causes pain
moves foreign material into lymphatic vessels

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31
Q

phagocyte mobilization

A

leukocytosis
margination
diapedesis
chemotaxis

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32
Q

interferons

A

family of immune modulating proteins
viral infected cells secrete IFNs to warn neighboring cells
IFN alpha and beta activate NK cells
IFN gamma are secreted by lymphocytes, produce widespread immune mobilizing effects, and activate macrophages

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33
Q

complement system

A

about 20 blood proteins that circulate in inactive form
each pathway converges on C3 which cleaves into C3a (amplify inflammation->mast cells and basophils release histamine) and C3b (causes opsonization)
kills bacteria via cell lysis when C3b binds to target cells-> insertion of MAC into cell’s membrane->MAC forms and stabilizes hole in membrane-> influx of water

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34
Q

classical pathway

A

antibodies bind to invading organisms and to complement components

35
Q

lectin pathway

A

lectins=produced by innate system to recognize foreign invaders
activates complement when bound to foreign invaders

36
Q

alternative pathway

A

activated spontaneously
lack of inhibitors allows process to proceed

37
Q

fever

A

leukocytes and macrophages exposed to foreign substances secrete pyrogens
pyrogens act on body’s thermostat in HP, raising body temp.
increases metabolic rate (faster repair)
liver and spleen sequester iron

38
Q

leukocytosis

A

release of neutrophils from bone marrow

39
Q

margination

A

neutrophils cling to walls of capillaries in inflamed area

40
Q

chemotaxis

A

inflammatory chemicals promote positive chemotaxis of neutrophils

41
Q

lysosomes

A

fuse w/ phagosomes to form phagolysosomes

42
Q

macrophages

A

most numerous at the site of chronic inflammation
in CT and lymphoid organs

43
Q

self-tolerance

A

unresponsiveness to our own body cells

44
Q

neutralization

A

ability of antibodies to block specific sites on pathogens so they cannot bind to cell receptors

45
Q

T cell

A

mediates the body’s cellular immune response
most specific internal defense against disease

46
Q

helper T cells

A

promote antibody production by B cells

47
Q

constant region

A

structure of antibody that determines its class

48
Q

immunogenicity

A

ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes

49
Q

reactivity

A

ability to react with activated lymphocytes and antibodies released by immunogenic reactions

50
Q

APCs

A

do not respond to specific antigens
engulfs antigens
presents fragments of antigens to T cells for recognition
ex: dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells (display antigen fragments bound to MHC class II receptors)

51
Q

immunocompentance

A

lymphocyte can recognize one specific antigen by binding to it

52
Q

positive selection

A

selects T cells capable of recognizing self MHC proteins (MHC restriction)-> failure results in apoptosis

53
Q

negative selection

A

prompts apoptosis of T cells that bind to self antigens displayed by self MHC
ensures self-tolerance

54
Q

dendritic cells

A

present in CT and epidermis

55
Q

steps in lymphocyte development, maturation, and activation

A

origin
maturation
seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation
antigen encounter and activation
proliferation and differentiation

56
Q

MHC class I

A

found on all nucleated cells including some APCs like dendritic cells
present antigens to CD8 and cytotoxic T cells

57
Q

MHC class II

A

only found on APCs like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells
present antigens to CD4 and helper T cells

58
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

laboratory produced molecule that is
designed to mimic the immune system’s ability to fight off pathogens, cancers, autoimmune diseases, etc.
fusion of B cell w/ tumor cell produces a hybridoma which creates large quantities of a single antibody

59
Q

lymphocyte education

A

effective immune response against pathogens while preventing harmful immune rxns against self-antigens

60
Q

alloimmunity

A

immune response against antigens from individuals of the same species but w/ genetic differences
Ex: mismatched blood transfusion or organ transplants

61
Q

TLRs

A

part of innate immune system
1st line of defense
triggers signaling cascade-> immune response, recruitment of other immune cells, activation of adaptive immune system
found on macrophages, dendritic cells, certain types of WBCs, epithelial and endothelial cells

62
Q

antibody defensive mechanism

A

neutralization
agglutination
precipitation (antigen-antibody complex formation)
complement fixation

63
Q

natural active immunity

A

infection
contact w/ pathogen

64
Q

natural passive immunity

A

antibodies transferred from placenta or breastmilk

65
Q

artificial active immunity

A

vaccines

66
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

injection of antibodies (gamma globulins)

67
Q

vaccines

A

provide antigenic determinants that are immunogenic and reactive via dead or attenuated pathogens which spare the symptoms of a primary response

68
Q

immunodeficiencies

A

congenital or acquired conditions that impair immune function or production of immune cells or molecules such as complement and antibodies
Ex: SCID and HIV

69
Q

SCID

A

genetic defect marked deficient in B and T cells
defective ADA enzyme
treated via bone marrow transplants

70
Q

HIV

A

contracted via blood through needles, sex, or mother->fetus
characterized by severe weight loss, night sweats, swollen lymph nodes
more susceptible to opportunistic infections (pneumocystic pneumonia and kaposi’s sacrcoma)

71
Q

autoimmune disease

A

immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign leading to the production of antibodies and cytotoxic T cells that destroy body tissues
Ex: MS, MG, systemic lupus, Graves disease, RA, glomerulonephritis, erythrematosus, type 1 diabetes

72
Q

MS

A

destruction of oligodendritic cells which are responsible for the production of myelin sheath

73
Q

type 1 DM

A

destruction of B cells in the pancreas
inhibits insulin production

74
Q

graves disease

A

production of antibodies to receptor for TSH
inhibits T3 and T4 production

75
Q

RA

A

immune system attacks synovial joints

76
Q

SLE

A

targets nucleic acids

77
Q

immediate hypersensitivities

A

type 1
acute
due to allergies
can be local (regular allergies) or systemic (anaphalactic shock)

78
Q

anaphalactic shock

A

allergen directly enters blood
trigger basophils and mast cells that release histamine throughout body
treated via epinephrine
more severe
can lead to death if not treated

79
Q

subacute hypersensitivities

A

caused by IgM and IgG antibodies
cytotoxic rxns and immune complex

80
Q

cytotoxic rxns

A

type II
stimulate phagocytosis and cell lysis
Ex: mismatched blood transfusion

81
Q

immune complex

A

type III
insoluble antigen-antibody complex
intense inflammation, local cell lysis, cell killing via neutrophils
Ex: SLE, vasculitis, renal damage

82
Q

delayed hypersensitivities

A

type IV
cytokine activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells that cause damage
agents act as haptens-> poison ivy
Ex: TB skin test, contact dermatitis, latex allergy, transplant rejection

83
Q

granzymes

A

trigger apoptosis
released by cytotoxic T cells along with perforins when target is recognized

84
Q

types of humoral immunity

A

natural active
natural passive
artificial active
artificial passive

A&P (18 decks)

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