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A&P > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

protection of brain

A

skull-> bone that encloses the brain
meninges-> membrane that covers and protects the CNS
CSF-> watery cushion that protects CNS from trauma
BBB-> prevents foreign substance from entering the CNS

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2
Q

CSF formation

A

formed via choroid plexus located in pia matter
choroid plexus hangs from each ventricle
arachnoid villi allows for CSF resorption
ependymal cells use ion pumps to control comp. of CSF and help cleanse CSF by removing wastes

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3
Q

order of CSF flow

A

ventricles-> median and lateral apertures-> subarachnoid space-> arachnoid villi

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3
Q

theta waves

A

common in children
Ex: distracted child

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3
Q

cerebellum

A

allows for smooth, coordinated movements
maintains balance and posture
all fibers are ipsilateral (superior, middle, inferior)
contains arbor vitae-> treelike pattern of white matter
connected by vermis

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3
Q

beta waves

A

awake and alert
Ex: studying

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3
Q

REM

A

skeletal muscles except ocular muscles and diaphragm are actively inhibited
dreaming occurs

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3
Q

NREM

A

delta waves-> deep sleep, arousal is difficult, nightmares may occur in stages 3 and 4
alpha waves-> relaxation occurs and arousal is easy in stage 1

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4
Q

STM

A

temporary holding of info
Ex: phone numbers
involves hippocampus and surrounding temporal lobes

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5
Q

LTM

A

has limitless capacity
involves hippocampus and surrounding temporal lobes

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6
Q

limbic system

A

emotional or affective brain
puts emotional responses to odors
amygdaloid body-> anger, fear, danger response; plays role in memory
cingulate gyrus-> resolves mental conflicts; plays role in body language

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7
Q

recticular formation

A

maintains consciousness and alertness
filters out repetitive, familiar, or weak stimuli
helps control coarse limb movements
regulate visceral motor functions (vasomotor, cardiac, and respiratory centers)

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8
Q

gyri

A

ridges

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9
Q

sulci

A

shallow grooves

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10
Q

fissures

A

deep grooves
Ex: longitudinal and transverse fissures

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11
Q

cerebral cortex

A

made up of gray matter
white matter is deep to it
basal nuclei is deep to white matter

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12
Q

frontal lobe

A

primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
broca’s cortex
frontal eye fields
prefrontal cortext

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13
Q

parietal lobe

A

primary somatosensory cortex
somatosensory association cortex
vestibular cortex

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14
Q

insula

A

vestibular cortex
gustatory cortex
visceral sensory area

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15
Q

temporal lobe

A

primary olfactory cortex

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16
Q

posterior association areas

A

involved in understanding written and spoken language-> wernicke’s area (temporal lobe)

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17
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

involved w/ intellect, cognition, recall, and personality
contain working memory needed for abstract ideas, judgement, reasoning, persistence, and planning
aka anterior association area

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18
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

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19
Q

thalamus

A

sensation
motor activities
cortical arousal
learning and memory

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20
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls ANS and physical responses to emotions
hunger
thirst
water balance
satiety
body temp.
sleep-wake cycles
endocrine cycles

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21
Q

epithalamus

A

secretes melatonin via pineal gland

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22
Q

brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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23
Q

midbrain

A

pain suppression
visual and auditory relay stations
contains periaqueductal gray matter, corpora quadrigemina, substantia nigra, and red nucleus

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24
Q

pons

A

maintains normal rhythm of breathing (pneumotaxic center)

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25
Q

medulla oblongata

A

cardiac and respiratory centers

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26
Q

substanstia nigra

A

produces dopamine

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27
Q

corpora quadrigemina

A

superior colliculi-> visual reflex centers
inferior colliculi-. auditory reflex centers

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28
Q

commissures

A

fibers that connect gray matter between the two cerebral hemispheres

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29
Q

the ventral posterolateral nuclei are located in the

A

diencephalon

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30
Q

association fibers

A

communicate between gyri in the same hemisphere

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31
Q

corpus callosum

A

connect the two hemispheres and allow communication and the sharing of info

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32
Q

projection fibers

A

connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

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33
Q

subcortical nuclei (basal nuclei/ganglia)

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

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34
Q

functions of basal nuclei/ganglia

A

influence muscle movements
role in cognition and emotion

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35
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

biological clock
in hypothalamus

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36
Q

superior cerebellar peduncles

A

connects cerebellum to midbrain

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37
Q

middle cerebellar peduncles

A

connects pons to cerebellum

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38
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncles

A

connects medulla to cerebellum

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39
Q

procedural memory

A

dopamine from substantia nigra is necessary

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40
Q

LTP

A

glutamate binds to NMDA receptors, opening Ca2+ channels in postsynaptic terminals

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41
Q

cauda equina

A

collection of nerve roots at inferior end of vertebral column

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42
Q

ventral and dorsal median fissure/sulcus

A

lengthwise grooves that partially divide cord into right and left halves

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43
Q

gray commissure

A

connects masses of gray matter
encloses central canal

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44
Q

funiculi

A

white columns divided into dorsal, lateral, and ventral parts

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45
Q

conus medullaris

A

terminal end of spinal cord

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46
Q

white matter

A

ascending
descending
transverse

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47
Q

filum terminale

A

extends to coccyx
anchors spinal cord
fibrous extension of conus covered w/ pia matter

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48
Q

dorsal root (spinal) ganglia

A

cell bodies of sensory neurons

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49
Q

lateral horns

A

sympathetic neurons
only in thoracic and superior lumbar regions

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50
Q

ventral horns

A

motor neurons
descending

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51
Q

dorsal root

A

sensory neurons
ascending

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52
Q

dorsal horns

A

interneurons
both sensory and motor

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53
Q

ascending tracts

A

sensory
spinocerebellar
spinothalamic
dorsal columns

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54
Q

descending tracts

A

motor
pyramidal (corticospinal)
extrapyramidal

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55
Q

first order neurons

A

synapses at the medulla oblongata
carries afferent impulse from proprioception and sends them into spinal cord

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56
Q

second-order neurons

A

carries afferent impulse via the spinal cord
synapses at the thalamus

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57
Q

third-order neuron

A

carries afferent impulse via the thalamus
synapses at the cerebral cortex (sensory cortex-> parietal lobe)

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58
Q

epidural space

A

cushion of fat and network of veins in the space b/w vertebrae and spinal dura matter

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59
Q

reticulospinal tracts

A

maintains balance and posture

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60
Q

rubrospinal tracts

A

controls flexor muscles

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61
Q

upper motor neurons

A

pyramidal cells in primary motor cortex

62
Q

lower motor neurons

A

ventral horn motor neurons
innervate skeletal muscles

63
Q

direct pathways

A

pyramidal tracts (corticospinal)
synapse w/ interneurons/ventral horn motor neurons
descend w/o synapsing
fast/fine skilled movements

64
Q

indirect pathways

A

all others
includes brainstem motor nuclei
complex and multisynaptic

65
Q

spinothalamic

A

temp
pain
pressure
light touch

66
Q

dorsal column

A

proprioception
deep pressure
vibration
composed of fasciculus cunelus and fasciculus gracilis (in spinal cord and medial lemniscus)-> medulla to thalamus
aka medial lemniscal pathways
second order neurons

67
Q

spinocerebellar

A

proprioception
second order neurons

68
Q

pyramidal (corticospinal)

A

skeletal muscle tone
voluntary muscle movement

69
Q

extrapyramidal

A

skeletal muscle activity
balance and posture

70
Q

transverse tracts

A

from one side to other (commissural fibers)

71
Q

subdural space

A

b/w dura (outer) and arachnoid (middle) mater

72
Q

subarachnoid space

A

b/w arachnoid (middle) and pia (inner) mater

73
Q

central canal

A

carries CSF

74
Q

cervical enlargement

A

nerves that supply to the upper limbs

75
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized to respond to change in environment
activation results in graded potentials that trigger nerve impulses

76
Q

sensory adaptation

A

change in sensitivity in presence of constant stimuli
receptor membranes become less responsive
receptor potentials decline in frequency or stop

77
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

both extero and interoceptor
respond to touch, vibration, and stretch

78
Q

thermoreceptor

A

nonencapsulated
respond to temp

79
Q

photoreceptor

A

respond to light

80
Q

chemoreceptor

A

interoceptor
respond to chemicals

81
Q

nociceptor

A

contain vanilloid receptors
exteroceptor
nonencapsulated
respond to pain

82
Q

proprioceptors

A

respond to stretch in areas of the skeletal and muscular system
inform brain of one’s movements

83
Q

other nonencapsulated dendritic endings

A

tactile (merkel) discs-> fine touch
hair follicle receptors-> fine touch

84
Q

encapsulated dendritic endings

A

all other mechanoreceptors
tactile (meissner’s) corpuscles= discriminative touch
lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles= deep pressure and vibration
bulbous corpuscles (contain ruffini endings)= deep continuous pressure
muscle spindles, tendon organs, and joint kinesthetic receptors

85
Q

phasic receptors

A

fast adapting
signal beginning or end of stimulus
respond to pressure, touch, and smell

86
Q

tonic receptors

A

adapt slowly or not at all
are nociceptors or most proprioceptors

87
Q

nerve regeneration

A

only PNS fibers are able to regenerate
CNS fiber never regenerate (oligodendrocytes bear growth inhibiting proteins and astrocytes form scat tissue containing chondroitin sulfate)

88
Q

monosynaptic reflex

A

provides direct communication b/w sensory and motor neurons innervating muscle
Ex: knee-jerk reflex (stretch reflex)->shortening/contracting

89
Q

polysynaptic reflex

A

utlilizes interneurons which pass signals b//w sensory and motor neurons (multiple synaptic connections)-> motor neuron, spinal cord, axon, muscle, sensory axons, etc.
Ex: withdrawl, tendon (lengthening/relaxation), and crossed extensor reflex

90
Q

ipsilateral reflex

A

withdrawl and knee-jerk reflex

91
Q

contralateral

A

crossed extensor reflex

91
Q

ascending pathways

A

circuit level sensory integration

91
Q

precommand areas of the brain

A

basal nuclei and cerebellum
highest level of hierarchy or motor control

91
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 total
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

92
Q

rami communicates

A

joins ventral rami in thoracic region
autonomic pathways

93
Q

cervical plexus and neck

A

formed by ventral rami (C1-C5)
phrenic nerve controls diaphragm (C3-C5)

94
Q

brachial plexus and upper limbs

A

formed by ventral rami (C5-C8 and T1)

95
Q

median nerve

A

innervates skin
flexor muscles in anterior forearm pronate
thumb opposition muscles
damage can cause carpal tunnel
usually damaged through suicide attempts

96
Q

ulnar nerve

A

supplies flexor muscles of anterior forearm
most intrinsic hand muscles
skin of medial aspect of hand
wrist/finger flexion
“funny bone”

97
Q

radial nerve

A

innervates essentially all extensor muscles, supinators, and posterior skin of limb

98
Q

anterolateral thorax and abdominal wall

A

form intercostal nerves that supply intercostal muscles, muscle and skin of anterolateral thorax, and most of the abdominal wall

99
Q

lumbar plexus

A

L1-L4
innervates thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle
contains femoral nerve (quads, sartorius, iliacus)

100
Q

sacral plexus

A

L4-S4
serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and perineum
contains sciatic nerve (hamstrings and adductor magnus)-> longest and thickest nerve of body/combo. of common fibular and tibial nerve

101
Q

dermatome

A

area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches single spinal nerve (except C1)
assessed extend of spinal cord injuries ascertained by affected dermatomes

102
Q

somatic reflexes

A

activate skeletal muscle

103
Q

autonomic reflexes

A

activate visceral effectors (smooth or cardiac muscle of glands)

104
Q

spinal somatic reflexes

A

integration center in spinal cord
effectors are skeletal muscle

105
Q

muscle spindles

A

3-10 intrafusal muscle fibers wrapped in CT capsule
assesses length of muscle

106
Q

tendon organs

A

assesses amount of tension in muscle

107
Q

effector fibers

A

extrafusal muscle fibers
alpha

108
Q

intrafusal muscle fibers

A

noncontractile
anulospiral endings (primary)= stimulated by rate and degree of stretch
flower spray endings (secondary)= respond to stretch
gamma

109
Q

gamma efferent fibers

A

maintain spindle sensitivity
contractile end regions innervated
alpha-gamma coactivation maintains tension and sensitivity of spindle during muscle contraction

110
Q

stretch receptors

A

hypoactive= can indicate peripheral nerve damage or ventral horn injury (diabetes)
hyperactive= can indicate lesions of corticospinal tract (stroke)

111
Q

reciprocal activation

A

contracting muscle relaxes
antagonist contracts

112
Q

superficial reflexes

A

elicited by gentle cutaneous stimulation
plantar reflex (L4-S2)
abdominal reflex (T8-T12)

113
Q

babinski’s sign

A

damage to motor cortex or corticospinal tracts

114
Q

crossed extensor reflex

A

stepping barefoot on broken glass

115
Q

flexor (withdrawl) reflex

A

finger stick for blood test

116
Q

perceptual detection

A

ability to detect a stimulus (requires summation of impulses)

117
Q

magnitude estimation

A

intensity coded in frequency or impulses

118
Q

spatial discrimination

A

identifying site or pattern of stimulus (2-point discrimination test)

119
Q

referred pain

A

pain from one body region perceived from diff region
Ex: left arm pain during heart attack

120
Q

feature abstraction

A

identification of more complex aspects and several stimulus properties

121
Q

quality discrimination

A

ability to identify submodalities of sensation (sweet or sour tastes)

122
Q

pattern recognition

A

recognition of familiar or significant patterns in stimuli (melody in piece of music)

123
Q

somatic NS

A

cell body in CNS
thick
myelinated
contain group A fibers
release Ach
stimulatory

124
Q

ANS

A

2-neuron chain
preganglionic neuron (CNS)= thin, lightly myelinated
postganglionic (PNS)= in automatic ganglion, nonmyelinated, extends to effector organ
preganglionic fibers release Ach
postganglionic fibers release NE or Ach
stimulatory or inhibitory

125
Q

dual innervation

A

all visceral organs served by both divisions, but cause opp. effects

126
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secrete NE and epinephrine into blood
modified sympathetic ganglion

127
Q

cholinergic receptor

A

bind Ach
nicotinic= stimulatory, causes depolarization, found on SKM cells
muscarinic= inhibitory or excitatory, found on all effector cells

128
Q

adrenergic receptor

A

releases NE

129
Q

autonomic dysreflexia

A

uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons in quadriplegics and those w/ spinal cord injuries above T6
increases BP
is life-threatening

130
Q

hypertension

A

higher than normal BP
overactive sympathetic vasoconstriction response to stress
treated w/ adrenergic receptor-blocking drugs (alpha and beta blockers)

131
Q

raynaud’s disease

A

exaggerated vasocontriction in fingers and toes
pale, cyanotic, painful
treated w/ vasodilators

132
Q

atrophine

A

anticholinergic= blocks muscarinic Ach receptors
prevents salivation during surgery and dialates pupils

133
Q

neostigmine

A

inhibits Ach-esterase= breakdown of Ach
treats myasthenia gravis

134
Q

parasympathetic division

A

long preganglionic fibers and short post ganglionic fibers
controlled by cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10 (majority of target organs controlled by vagus nerve)
short-lived
highly localized
Ach destroyed by Ach-esterase

135
Q

sympathetic division

A

preganglionic neurons in T1-L2 (form lateral horns of spinal cord)
pass through white rami communicantes and enter sympathetic trunk (chain or paravertebral) ganglia
responsible for ejaculation and body temp. regulation
long-lasting
widespread
NE inactivated more slowly than Ach
NE and epinephrine hormones from adrenal medulla prolong effects

136
Q

a1 adrenergic receptors

A

on most blood vessels
vasocontriction
increases BP

137
Q

B1 adrenergic receptors

A

found on heart, liver, kidneys
increases HR, CO, and BP
release renin from kidneys

138
Q

B2 adrenergic receptors

A

found on airways and blood vessels going to heart
opens of airways and blood vessels (broncho and vasodilation)

139
Q

B3 adrenergic receptors

A

found on adipose tissue
lipolysis

140
Q

a2 adrenergic receptors

A

found on presynaptic autonomic neurons
initiates neg. feedback system
inhibits further NE release

141
Q

beta agonists

A

dilate lung bronchioles
attach to B2 receptors

142
Q

OTCs

A

stimulate a-adrengenic receptors

143
Q

S.L.U.D.G.E

A

salivation
lacrimation
urination
defecation
GI tract motility
erection
(for PNS)

144
Q

the gray rami communicantes contain

A

postganglionic sympathetic fibers

145
Q

nicotinic receptors

A

found in adrenal medulla, skeletal muscle, autonomic ganglia
not found in heart

146
Q

fucntions of hypothalamus

A

main integration center of ANS
visceral responses to emotion

147
Q

the hypothalamus controls the autonomic regions of the brain stem and spinal cord via the

A

reticular formation

148
Q

the parasympathetic division and the sympathetic division share control w/ the sympathetic over

A

heart, respiratory system, salivary glands
but not blood vessels

149
Q

autonomic ganglia

A

contain only motor neurons

150
Q

sympathetic tone

A

aka vasomotor tone
keeps blood vessels in continual state or partial constriction
alpha-blockers interfere w/ vasomotor fibers (used to treat hypertension)

151
Q

left hemisphere

A

speech
comprehension
arithmetic
writing

152
Q

right hemisphere

A

creativity
spatial ability
artistic and musical skills

153
Q

cranial nerves in the midbrain

A

occulomotor
trochlear

154
Q

cranial nerves in the pons

A

trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear

155
Q

cranial nerves in the medulla

A

glossopharyngeal
vagus
hypoglossal
accessory

A&P (18 decks)

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