Chemistry Flashcards
non-polar
-C-H bonds
-hydrophobic
-don’t have partial charges
polar
-H-N, O, F bonds
-hydrophilic
-have partial charges
H bonds
-polar
-bonds to N, O, F
-stabilizes structure of proteins and DNA
-provides properties of water
weakest->strongest bonds
H bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds
organic compounds
-contain C and H
-covalent bonds
-go through dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
-carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, ATP
inorganic compounds
-water
-salts
-acids
-bases
-ionic bonds
water
-high heat cap
-high heat of vap
-polar
-reactivity
-cushioning
acid
proton donor
base
proton acceptor
redox rxns
in exchange and decomposition rxns
function of proteins
-repair and maintenance of tissues,
-energy
-hormones
-enzymes
-transportation and storage
-antibodies
function of lipids
-energy storage
-chemical, messengers
-forming membranes
-cholesterol formation
-absorption of vitamins
-hormone production
-cell signaling,
-maintenance of temp
integral proteins
firmy inserted into membrane
peripheral proteins
loosely attached to integral proteins
cytoplasm
holds components of the cell and protects the cell from damage
tight junctions
prevent fluids abd most molecules from moving b/w cells
desmosomes
-anchor cells together at plaques
-linker proteins
-gives stability
gap junctions
proteins that form pores that allow molecules to pass from cell-cell
functions of membrane proteins
-transport
-receptors for signal transduction
-attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM
-enzymatic activity
-intercellular joining
-cell-cell joining
fibrous proteins
-keratin
-elastin
-collagen
-contractile fibers
globular proteins
-antibodies
-hormones
-enzymes
monosaccarides
-pentose sugars
-ribose and deoxyribose (structural molecules)
-hexose sugars
-glucose (major source of fuel)
dissacharides
-sucrose
-maltose
-lactose
polysaccharides
starch and glycogen
saturated fats
-solid animal fats (butter)
-single bonds
-triglyceride (natural fats)
-trans fat
unsaturated fats
-plant oils (olive oil)
-double bonds
-heart healthy
-omega-3 fatty acids
triglyceride
phospholipids
-important for cell membrane structure
-hydrophilic head +hydrophobic tail
steroid
-4-ring structure
-cholesterol
-important in cell membranes
-vit. D synthesis
-steroid hormones
-bile salts
ATP
-adenine-containing RNA nucleotide w/ 2 additional phosphate groups
-directly powers chemical rxns in cells
-phosphorylation
DNA
-double stranded in nucleus
-pentose sugar is deoxyribose
-bases are A,G,C,T
RNA
-single stranded outside nucleus
-pentose sugar is ribose
-bases are A,G,C,U
primary structure
sequence of AA’s (amine + acid group)
secondary structure
a-helices and B-sheets
tertiary structure
3D shape
quaternary structure
2 or more polypeptide chains
denaturation
-proteins can be denatured due to heat and acidity
-proteins unfold and lose functional 3D shape
dehydration synthesis
monomers are joined by the removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the site of bond formation (releases water)
hydrolysis
monomers are released by the addition of water, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other
enzymes
-catalysts
-increases speed of chemical rxns
-lowers activation energy
-substrate binds to active site
holoenzyme
entire enzyme (coenzyme)
apoenzyme
protein portion of enzyme (inactive)
glycolysis
-glucose-> pyruvic acid
-4 ATP
-substrate level phosphorylation
krebs cycle
-pyruvic acid-> CO2
-2 ATP
–substrate level phosphorylation
ETC
-~30 ATP
-forms water
-oxidative phosphorylation
C6H12O6+6O2->6CO2+6H2O+ATP
-glucose is oxidized
-oxygen is reduced
phagocytosis
-engulfs solid particles into cell
-type of endocytosis
pinocytosis
-engulfs liquid particles into cell
-type of endocytosis
receptor-mediated
-imports macromolecules into cell via receptors
-type of endocytosis
exocytosis
releases particles out of the cell
RMP
-more negative inside than outside
-2 K+ pumped in (leakage channels for K+)-> pumped out
3 Na+ pumped out
- -70 mV
ribosomes
protein synthesis
lysosome
clean out cellular debris via hydrolase (ex: macrophage)
smooth ER
lipid synthesis
nucleus
holds DNA
rough ER
protein synthesis
mitochondria
ATP synthesis
peroxisome
detoxifies toxic substances
golgi apparatus
modifies, packages, and transports proteins
primary active transport
-Na+/K+ pump
-requires ATP
-antiport
secondary active transport
-Na+ is used to bring glucose into cell
-symport
bonds that hold proteins in the proper 3-D conformation
-covalent
-ionic
-hydrogen
example of simple diffusion
testosterone entering a skeletal muscle cell (lipophilic)
intermediate filaments
attach to the desmosome to resist pulling forces exerted on the cell
microtubules
radiate from centrosome
cillia
move substances across cell surface
microvilli
increase SA
hyperventilation
-blood pH more acidic due to more drop in CO2 levels
-product is carbonic acid
holding breath
-blood pH more basic due to more CO2 accumulation
-products are H+ and bicarbonate ion
