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A&P > blood > Flashcards

blood Flashcards

1
Q

plasma

A

non-fluid matrix
clotting
55% of blood
made up of nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, inorganic ions
albumin (60%)
globulins (36%)
fibrinogen (4%)
90% water

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2
Q

blood

A

made up of plasma, buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets), and erythrocytes
distributes substances (O2, Co2, nutrients, hormones)
regulates blood levels of substances (temp, pH)
protection (antibodies, WBCs, plasma, and platelets)

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3
Q

albumin

A

substance carrier
blood buffer
major contributor of OP

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4
Q

alpha and beta globulins

A

produced by liver
transport proteins
bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat-soluble vitamins

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5
Q

gamma globulins

A

antibodies released by plasma cells

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6
Q

fibrinogen

A

produced by liver
forms fibrin threads of blood clot

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7
Q

non-protein nitrogen substances

A

by-products of cellular metabolites that blood gets rid of (urea, uric acid, creatine, ammonium salts)

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8
Q

erythrocytes

A

make up 45% of blood
biconcave discs (efficient gas transport)
anucleate
possess no organelles
diameters larger than some capillaries
contain spectrin (help change shape)
each contain 250M Hb molecules (gas transport and blood viscosity)
high SA to volume ratio

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9
Q

Hb

A

composed of 2 alpha and 2 beta chains (globin component)
heme component (gives blood red color)

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10
Q

hematocrit

A

BV that is RBCs
47% for males
42% for females

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11
Q

erythropoiesis

A
  1. myeloid stem cell-> proerythroblast
  2. proerythroblast->basophilic->polychromic->orthochromatic erythroblast->recticulocytes (within 15 days)
  3. recticulocytes enter bloodstream
  4. becomes mature RBC (2 days)
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12
Q

dietary requirements for erythropoiesis

A

AAs
lipids
carbs
iron
B12
folic acid

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13
Q

life span of erythrocytes

A

100-120 days
1. Hb in old RBCs degenerate and get trapped in the spleen where macrophages engulf them
2. heme and globin are separated and the iron within them is recycled
3. heme gets degraded to bilirubin in the liver which gets degraded to urobilinogen in the intestines and leaves the body as stercobilin in feces
4. globin gets metabolized into AAs and gets released into the circulation

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14
Q

recticulocyte

A

indicate rate of RBC formation
low count indicates tissue hypoxia
high count indicated increased blood viscosity

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15
Q

granular leukocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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16
Q

agranular leukocytes

A

lymphocytes
monocytes

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17
Q

neutrophils

A

3-6 lobes in nucleus
2x size of RBC
phagocytic
most numerous
contain hydrolytic enzymes (defensins)

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18
Q

eosinophils

A

bilobed nucleus
granules
lysosome-like
digest parasitic worms
role in allergies and asthma

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19
Q

basophils

A

rarest
nucleus within 2 constrictions
large granules
contain histamine
similar to mast cells

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20
Q

lymphocytes

A

2nd most numerous
circular nuclei
T cells (target viruses and cancers)
B cells (produce antibodies)

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21
Q

monocytes

A

largest
U or kidney shapes nucleus
differentiates into macrophages
targets viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections
activates lymphocytes

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22
Q

leukopoiesis

A

production of WBCs from hematopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow
stimulated by interleukins and CSFs

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23
Q

CSFs

A

chemical messengers named for the WBCs they stimulate

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24
Q

lymphoid stem cells

A

develop into lymphocytes

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25
Q

myeloid stem cells

A

develop into all other WBCs

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26
Q

platelets

A

cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes which are derived from megakaryoblasts
contain serotonin, Ca2+ enzymes, ADP, PDGF
act in clotting process, form temp platelet plug that help seal breaks in blood vessels
inhibited via NO and prostacyclin
degenerate in ~10 days
regulated by thrombopoietin

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27
Q

leukopenia

A

abnormally low WBC count
drug-induced

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28
Q

leukemia

A

cancerous leukocytes fill red bone marrow
immature nonfunctional WBCs in bloodstream

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29
Q

leukocytosis

A

abnormally high WBC count

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30
Q

anemia

A

reduction below normal in Hb or RBC number

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31
Q

thalassemias

A

one globin chain absent or faulty
RBCs thin, delicate, deficient in Hb

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32
Q

sickle-cell anemias

A

1 AA chain wrong in a globin beta chain
RBCs crescent shaped
RBCs rupture easily and block small vessels

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33
Q

polycythemia vera

A

bone marrow cancer-> excess RBCs and blood viscosity
absolute

34
Q

secondary polycythemia

A

less O2 available or EPO production increases-> increased RBC count
absolute

35
Q

relative polycythemia

A

temporary
results from diarrhea, vomitting, or diuretics

36
Q

agglutinogen

A

antigen that causes the formation of antibodies

37
Q

agglutinins

A

antibodies that cause RBCs to clump together

38
Q

agglutination

A

clumping of particles together

39
Q

transfusion reaction

A

diminished O2-carrying cap
diminished BF beyond blocked vessels
Hb in kidney tubules-> renal failure

40
Q

crossmatching

A

detects the presence of antibodies in the recipient against RBCs of the donor to make sure they are fully compatible

41
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

occurs only in Rh- mom and Rh+ fetus
baby is healthly first delivery-> mother synthesizes anti-Rh antibodies
during second pregnancy antibodies can cross placenta and destroy RBCs of Rh+ baby

42
Q

RhoGAM

A

contains anti-Rh that must be administered w/ a prebirth transfusion and exchange transfusion after birth

43
Q

buffy coat

A

<1% of blood
made up of WBCs and platelets

44
Q

hemorrhagic anemia

A

rapid blood loss
treated via blood transfusion

45
Q

chronic hemorrhagic anemia

A

slight, but persistant blood loss (hemorrhoids, bleeding ulcer)

46
Q

iron-deficiency anemia

A

caused by hemorrhagic anemia, low iron intake, or impaired absorption
microcystic, hypochromic RBCs
treated via iron supplements

47
Q

renal anemia

A

lack of EPO
accompanies renal disease
treated via synthetic EPO

48
Q

aplastic anemia

A

destruction or inhibition of red marrow by drugs, chemicals, radiation, viruses
treated via transfusions (short-term) or transplanted stem cells (long-term)

49
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

premature RBC lysis
causes by Hb abnormalities, incompatible transfusions, infections

50
Q

intrinsic factor

A

produces vitamin B12 in stomach

51
Q

pernicious anemia

A

decrease in RBCs
intestines can’t absorb vit. B12 properly
treated via B12 supplements or B12 injections

52
Q

vascular spasm

A

SM in the blood vessel wall constricts

53
Q

platelet plug formation

A

platelets stick to exposed collagen

54
Q

coagulation

A

intrinsic
extrinsic
common

55
Q

intrinsic pathway

A

factor 12->factor 11->factor 9->factor 8->factor 10

56
Q

extrinsic pathway

A

TF (factor 3)->factor 7-> factor 10

57
Q

common pathway

A

factor 10->prothrombin->thrombin (factor 2)->fibrinogen->fibrin (factor 1)->clot formation

58
Q

factor 10

A

activated via factor 5 and ca2+

59
Q

clot retraction

A
  1. actin and myosin in platelets contract
  2. pulls on fibrin strands, squeezing serum from clots
  3. draws ruptured blood vessels together
  4. stabilized clot
60
Q

fibrinolysis

A

plasminogen->plasmin via tPA, factor 12, and thrombin->removes unneeded clots after healing

61
Q

plasmin

A

fibrin-digesting enzyme

62
Q

anticoagulants

A

inhibit blood clotting
ex. heparin, asprin, warafin, dabagatran

63
Q

heparin

A
  1. activates antithrombin 3
  2. inactivates factor 10 and inhibits the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
64
Q

asprin

A

inhibits thromboxane

65
Q

warafin

A

interferes w/ the action of vit. K

66
Q

dabigatran

A

inhibits thrombin

67
Q

CBC

A

checks formed elements, hematocrit, and hemoglobin levels

68
Q

SMAC

A

can detect liver and kidney disorders

69
Q

fasting glucose levels

A

70-120 mg/dL (normal)
measures current BG levels

70
Q

hemoglobin A1C levels

A

5-7% (normal)
measures past 3 months BG levels

71
Q

thrombus

A

clot develops and persists in unbroken blood vessel
blocks circulation
can lead to tissue death

72
Q

embolus

A

thrombus freely floating in bloodstream

73
Q

embolism

A

embolus obstructing a vessel

74
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

deficient number of circulating platelets
petechiae appear due to spontaneous widespread hemorrhage
due to suppression or destruction of red bone marrow
treated via transfusion of concentrated platelets
impairs vit. K and fat absorption prevents liver from producing bile
caused by vit. K deficiency, hepatitis, or cirrhosis
inability to synthesize procoagulants

75
Q

hemophilia

A

prolonged bleeding into joint cavities
treated w/ plasma transfusions and injection of missing factors
increases risk of hepatitis and HIV
ex. A, B, C

76
Q

hemophilia A

A

most common
factor 8 deficiency

77
Q

hemophilia B

A

factor 9 deficiency

78
Q

hemophilia C

A

mild
factor 11 deficiency

79
Q

fibrin

A

protein backbone of a bloodclot

80
Q

Rh factor

A

positive indicates Rh antigen present
negative indicates that Rh antibodies present

81
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

produces neutrophils, basophils, thrombocytes, and lymphocytes

82
Q

serum

A

blood plasma w/o clotting factors

A&P (18 decks)

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