SKELETAL SYSTEM (1) Flashcards
bone
living connective tissue composed of a hard matrix material and bone cells
compact bone
mineralized matrix that gives great strength to bone tissue
spongy bone
spaces filled with red marrow found on the ends of long bones with flat bones
cartilage
flexible connective tissue not as strong as bone tissue
hyaline cartilage
ends of long bones, nose, ends of ribs, larynx and trachea
fibrocartilage
disks between vertebrae and in the knee and is stronger than hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
ear flaps and epiglottis and is more flexible than hyaline cartilage
fibrous connective tissue
contains rows of cells called fibroblasts separated by bundles of collagenous fibers
ligaments
attach bone at joints
tendons
attach muscle to bone
periosteum
covering the bone contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves and is continuous with ligaments and tendons
red bone marrow
makes blood cells; found in spongy bone and flat bones
periosteum
living, outer covering of fibrous connective tissue
ligaments
fibrous connective tissue that connects bones
osteoblasts (bone cell)
bone-forming cells
osteocytes (bone cell)
mature bone cells and maintain the structure of the bone
osteoclasts (bone cell)
bone-absorbing cells
intramembranous ossification
bones develop between sheets of fibrous connective tissue like the cranium
endochondral ossification
bone replaces cartilage as do most bones of the skeleton
Bone repair
- hematoma (6-8 hrs) -a mass of clotted blood
- fibrocartilaginous (3 weeks) -fibrocartilage fills spaces between broken bones
- bony callus (3-4 months) -fibrocartilage is replaced by bone tissue
- remodeling -old bone tissue is replaced by new bone tissue
endoskeleton
internal body framework
- supports and gives shape to the body
- protects soft body parts
- stores minerals and fat
- along with muscles, permits flexible body movement
axial skeleton
lies in the midline of the body
- skull
- hyoid bone
33 vertebrae
vertebral column consists of
atlas
1st cervical vertebrae and holds up the head
cervical vertebrae
7 neck vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
12 chest vertebrae (protects the spinal cord)
lumbar vertebrae
5 abdominal vertebrae
sternum
breastbone; is composed of the manubrium (the handle), the body (the blade), and the xiphoid process
appendicular skeleton
consists of the bones within the pectoral and pelvic girdles and their attached limbs
fibrous (joint)
usually immovable (such as the sutures between cranial bones)
cartilaginous (joint)
tend to be slightly movable (such as the intervertebral disks)
synovial (joint)
freely moveable joints (such as the ball and socket hip and shoulder joints, and the hinge knee and elbow joints)
synovial membrane
produces synovial fluid, and excellent lube for the joints
flexion
decreases the joint angle
extension
increases the joint angle
adduction
movement of the body toward the midline
abduction
movement of the body away from the midline
rotation
movement of the body part around its own axis
circumduction
movement of the body part in a wide circle
supination
the rotation of the lower arm so that the palm is upward
pronation
the rotation of the lower arm so that the palm is downward
osteoporosis
bones are weakened due to a decreased bone mass, can lead to fractures.
-can be treated with drugs, hormones, and life choices
osteoarthritis
deterioration of cartilage at bone joints
humerus
bone of the upper arm
radius
the shorter of the two long bones of the forearm
ulna
the longer of the two bones of the forearm
femur
the thigh bone, the longest bone in the body
patella
the technical name for the kneecap, the triangular-shaped bone at the front of the knee joint
tibia
the inner and thicker of the two long bones in the lower leg. It is also called the shin bone.
fibula
the outer and thinner of the two long bones of the lower leg. It is much narrower than the other bone (the shin), to which it runs parallel and to which it is attached at both ends by ligaments.
clavicle
collarbone
scapula
shoulder blade
zygomatic bone
cheek bone
mandible
lower jaw bone
