ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (5) Flashcards
exocrine glands
secrete hormone into ducts (direct to target)
and digest enzymes into small intestine
endocrine glands
secrete hormones into blood stream and controls blood sugar
endocrine glands
ductless glands that produce regulating hormones, which along with the nervous system, control other organ systems of the body
- response is slow and long lasting
- controlled by negative feedback
chemical signal hormone (endocrine)
a means of communication between cells, between body parts, and between individuals
pheromones hormone (endocrine)
affect metabolism and influence the behavior of other individuals
peptide hormones (endocrine)*
bind to a receptor in the plasma membrane causing the formation of cAMP which activates an enzyme cascade (dominos)
steroid hormones (endocrine)*
affect gene activity and protein synthesis (have to be on a nucleus)
hypothalamus
regulates the internal environment thru the autonomic nervous system
- controls grandular secretions of the pituitary gland
- helps control the heartbeat
- helps control body temp
- helps control water balance
posterior pituitary (backside)
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): regulates water reabsorption (H2O is returned to the bloodstream)
- oxytocin: stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth and milk release
- controlled by positive feedback
anterior pituitary (frontside)
- gonadotropic hormones: stimulate the gonads to produce gametes and hormones
- prolactin (PRL): causes mammary glands to develop and produce milk
- melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH): causes skin cells to produce melanin
- growth hormone (GH): promotes skeletal and muscular growth
pituitary dwarfism
perfect proportions but small stature (too little GH during childhood)
giantism
too much GH during childhood and usually characterized by poor health
acromegaly
the feet, hands, and face become overly large (too much GH during adulthood)
thyroid gland
large gland located below the larynx
thyroxine
regulates metabolism
calcitonin
lowers blood calcium levels
simple goiter
enlarged gland due to lack of iodine in the diet
cretinism
too little thyroxine during childhood (short, stalky mentally retarded individuals)
myxedema
too little thyroxine during adulthood (lethargy, loss of hair, and thickness and puffiness of the skin)
graves disease
hyperthyroidism (goiter, eyes protrude, nervous, and suffers from insomnia)
parathyroid glands
embedded in the lobes of the thyroid gland and hormone raises blood calcium levels in blood
adrenal glands
sit on top of the kidneys
adrenal medulla: epinephrine
prepares the body for quick reaction action. fight or flight mode. short term response to stress
addison disease
hypo-secretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex, characterized by bronzing of the skin
cushing syndrome
hyersecretion of the adrenal cortex (trunk is obese while arms and legs remain normal size)
pancreas*
lies transversely between the kidneys and near duodenum
insulin
lowers blood glucose levels in the blood (target areas-liver, muscle, and adipose tissue cells)
glucagon
raises blood glucose levels of the blood (target tissues- liver and adipose)
type 1 diabetes*
pancreas is not producing insulin
- high blood sugar
- hyperglycemia
type 2 diabetes*
inability of cells to respond to insulin (cells do not have enough insulin receptors)
- most common type
- hypoglycemia
- low blood sugar
gonads
reproductive organs
thymus gland
lies behind the sternum
- secretes thymosin which stimulates T cell lymphocyte development
- large and most active in children
pineal gland
- located in the brain
- secretes melatonin which is involved in our daily sleep cycle and also regulates sexual development
homeostasis
the nervous and endocrine systems exert control over the other systems
