Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BiSci > BiSci Exam #1 > Flashcards

BiSci Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biology

A

is the science of life or the study of living organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q 
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ System
Organisms
A

Humans are highly organized (5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Organ systems maintain homeostasis

A

maintaining a stable internal environment even when the external environment changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Homeostasis

A

living; where that organ, cell, etc likes to be regulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

evolution

A

change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Biosphere

A

zone of air, land, and water at the surface of the Earth in which living organisms are found.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Science

A

the study of the material universe or physical reality in order to understand it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Scientific Theory

A

concept supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and data.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cell Theory

A

all organisms are compounded of cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gene Theory

A

organisms contain coded info that determines their form, function, and behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Evolution Theory

A

all living things have a common ancestor but each is adapted to a particular way of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q 
Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment/Observations
Conclusion
Scientific Theory
A

Scientific Method (5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

DNA

A

what is in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

DV

A

the results from the initiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Control Group

A

used for comparison and is not exposed to the experimental variable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Test Group

A

is exposed to the experimental variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Experimental Variable

A

is what is to be tested (purposely changed or manipulated)

-during the experiment, all the conditions must be kept constant expect for the experimental variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cell

A

all organisms are composed of cells and new cells only come from pre-existing cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Homeostasis

A

the internal environment of an organism stays relatively constant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ecosystem

A

populations of organisms interact with each other and the physical environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Evolution

A

all living things that have a common ancestor, but each is adapted to a particular way of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass.

-composed of elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Atoms

A

smallest unit of an element that still retains the chemical and physical properties of the element.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Proton

A

positive charge, 1 atomic unit, in nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Neutron

A

neutral charge, 1 atomic unit, in nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Electron

A

negative charge, 0 atomic units, electron cloud

-orbit around the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Element

A

the basic building block of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Molecules

A

bonding of atoms to form a chemical unit

can be same or different atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Protons

A

Atomic number=

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

ion

A

uncharged particle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Proton+Neutron

A

Atomic weight=

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

isotopes

A

same type of atom with varying numbers of neutrons(weighs different)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

can be useful in dating old objects, imaging body organs and tissue thru x-rays, and killing cancer cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Compound

A

different atoms bond together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

ionic bonding

A

the attraction between oppositely charged atoms

NaCl=table salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Covalent Bonding

A

occurs when atoms share a pair of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Water

A

most abundant molecule in living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Hydrogen Bonding

A

weak bond can be broken easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q
  • liquid at room temp
  • temp rises and falls slowly
  • has high heat of vaporization
  • frozen is less dense that liquid
  • cohesive
  • solvent for polar molecules
A

Properties of water (6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Acid

A

substance that dissociate in H2O, releasing H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Base

A

substance that either take up H+ or release OH-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Acidic Solutions

A

high H+ concentration, low pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Basic Solutions

A

high OH- concentration, high pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

pH Scale

A

used to indicate the acidity and basicity of a solution (measure of H+)
-ranges from 0-14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

10x

A

each unit has___x the basicity/acidity of the previous unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

the removal of water that allows subunits to link together into larger molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

the addition of water that breaks larger molecules into their subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

makes bigger molecule, take H2O out, anabolic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Hydro Synthesis Degration

A

breaks molecule down, add H2O, catabolic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Macromolecule

A

a molecule that contains many subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • sugar
  • made of subunits called monosaccharides
  • function as long and short term energy storage
  • simple and complex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

monosaccharide

A

simple sugar made up of carbon atoms

glucose, fructose, galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

disaccharide

A

made by joining only two monosaccharides together by dehydration reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

polysaccharide

A

made up of many glucose units

  • starch
  • glycogen
  • cellulose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Lipid

A
  • fats
  • molecules that don’t dissolve in water
  • used as energy molecules
  • found in cell membranes
  • fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

triglyceride

A

made up of one glycerol molecule plus three fatty acid molecules and used for long term energy storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

saturated

A

solid, room temp, single bond (fats)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

unsaturated

A

liquid, room temp, double bond (oils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

bile

A

breaks down water and fat (produced in the liver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

trans fats

A

these type of fats are linked to cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Phospholipids

A

primary component of cellular membranes and are soluble in H2O, b/c they have a hydrophilic group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Steroid

A

type of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings (cholesterol, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Proteins

A
  • meat
  • made up of amino acid subunits
  • important for diverse functions in the body (hormones, enzymes, antibodies, and transport)
  • can denature (undergo a change in shape to causes loss of function)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Proteins

A

macromolecules with amino acid subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Amino Acids

A

end product of protein digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Enzymes

A

control nearly all the chemical reactions that occur in the body and when exposed to extremes in heat and pH, they undergo a change in shape (denaturation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

all enzymes

A

are proteins, but not all proteins are enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q
  1. Primary Structure
    - linear sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds (polypeptide chain)
  2. Secondary Structure
    - occurs when polypeptide takes on certain orientation in space
  3. Tertiary Structure
    - final 3 dimensional shape
  4. Quaternary Structure
    - polypeptide with its own primary,secondary, and tertiary structures (hemoglobin and most enzymes)
A

Levels of Protein Organization (4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Nucleic Acids

A
  • made of nucleotide subunits
  • function in the cell to make proteins
  • include RNA and DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

stores genetic info in the cell and codes for the order in which amino acids are to be joined.

  • polymers of nucleotides
  • nucleotide (phosphate, sugar(deoxyribose), base
  • double stranded helix
  • bases (A,T,C,G)
  • A=T
  • C=G
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A
  • single stranded
  • polymers of nucleotides
  • bases (A,U,C,G)
  • A=U
  • C=G
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

nucleotide that is a high energy carrying molecule in all cells, may be cashed in for energy when needed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Cell

A

unit structure and function for all living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • a cell is the basic unit of life
  • all living things are made up of cells
  • new cells arise only from preexisting cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Cell Size

A

cells need a large surface area relative to the volume of cytoplasm so most are relatively small and are microscopic

76
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • thought to be the first cells to evolve
  • lack a nucleus
  • rep. by bacteria and archaea
77
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • have a nucleus that houses DNA
  • many membrane bound organelles
  • a cell has a plasma membrane, a cytoskeleton, a nucleus, and cytoplasm and organelles
78
Q
  1. plasma membrane
    - surrounds and delineates the cell
  2. cytoplasm
    - the semi fluid substance inside the cell that contains organelles
  3. DNA
A

what do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common? (3)

79
Q

Selectivity Permeable

A

The membrane allows some things in while keeping other substances out

80
Q

plasma membrane

A

a phospholipid bilayer that is selectivity permeable.

81
Q

Passage Transport

A

a cell exerts no energy in gaining materials from its environment.

82
Q

Diffusion

A

random movement of molecules from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration (want to equal things out)

83
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of H2O across a plasma membrane (move it in to delude)

84
Q

Hypotonic Solutions

A

cause cells to swell and burst due to intake of H2O(gain of H2O)

85
Q

Hypertonic Solutions

A

cause a cell to shrink due to loss of H2O (loss of H2O)

86
Q

isotonic solution

A

equal amounts of solute and solvent (there is no net gain or loss of H2O)

87
Q

Facilitated Transport

A

some molecules are transported by means of protein carriers within the membrane

88
Q

Active Transport

A

requires a protein carrier and the use of cellular energy (ATP)

89
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

protein fibers that criss-cross the cytoplasm and help maintain shape of the cell and also allows movement of the organelles

90
Q

Chromatin

A

determines sex of the individual and hereditary characteristics

91
Q

Nucleoli

A

one or more spheres that produce ribosomal RNA

92
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

double membrane that separates that nuclear materials from the cytoplasm and is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum

93
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

entrance of proteins and exit of nRNA and mRNA

94
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

semifluid supporting the chromatin and nucleoli

95
Q

protein

A

ribosomes=

96
Q

DNA strand

A

nucleotide=

97
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • small organelles where protein synthesis occurs

- protein plant

98
Q

The Endomembrane System

A

consists of the nuclear envelop, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles

99
Q

sER

A

produces phospholipids, testosterone in the testes, and helps detoxify drugs in the liver

100
Q

rER

A

where proteins are synthesized and where processing and modification begin

101
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

where proteins and lipids are processed, packaged, and secreted

102
Q

Lysosomes (hydrolytic enzymes)

A

membranous sacs for intracellular digestion

103
Q

Cilia and Flagella

A

projections of cells for movement and cilary sets up moving currents

104
Q

Mitochondria

A

involved in cellular respiration a process that converts glucose into ATP molecules

105
Q

Cellular Metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell

106
Q

Proteins

A
  • channels
  • hormones
  • markers
  • enzymes
107
Q

Cell Respiration

A

metabolic reactions that use the energy from carb, fatty acid, or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecules

108
Q

Fermentation

A

an anaerobic process that produces very little ATP per glucose molecule and results in a build up of lactic acid

109
Q

Aerobic

A

have O2

110
Q

Anaerobic

A

no O2 available

111
Q

Basic Solution

A

H+ down

OH- up

112
Q

Acidic Solution

A

H+ up

OH- down

113
Q

compound

A

C6H12O6

114
Q

Connective Tissue

A

binds and supports the body

115
Q

muscle tissue

A

moves the body and its part

116
Q

nervous tissue

A

receives stimuli and conducts nerve impulses

117
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces and lines the cavities of the body

118
Q

Sarcomas

A

cancers of the bone and cartilage (connective)

119
Q

Leukemia

A

cancers of the blood

120
Q

Lymphomas

A

cancers of the lymphoid tissue

121
Q

Carcinomas

A

cancers of the epithelial tissue (skin cancer)

122
Q
  • fibrous
  • supportive
  • fluid
A

3 types of connective tissue

123
Q

-cyte

A

matured cell

124
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

has a white translucent appearance and found in the nose and ends of long bones

125
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

more flexible and found in the outer ear

126
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

found between the vertebrae in the backbone

127
Q

Lacunae

A

cells in chambers

128
Q

bone

A

rigid connective tissues

129
Q

compact bones

A

hard mineralized matrix that gives strength to bone

130
Q

spongy bones

A

large spaces filled with red marrow

131
Q

Blood

A

consists of formed elements and plasma

132
Q

RBC

A

transports oxygen to body cells

133
Q

WBC

A

fights infection, some are phagocytic and others combine and foreign substances to inactive them

134
Q

Platelets

A

cell fragments necessary for clotting of the blood

135
Q

Lymph

A

matrix is a fluid

136
Q

tissue fluid (lymph)

A

plays a role in fluid, ion, and pH balance within the body

137
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

voluntary muscles attached to the bones

138
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

involuntary muscles making up the walls of the internal organs

139
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary muscles found only in the heart

140
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

it allows communication between cells thru sensory input, integration of data, and motor output
-made of neurons and neuroglia

141
Q

Neuron

A

nerve cell made up of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon

142
Q

Neuroglia

A

cells that support and nourish neurons

143
Q

Microglia

A

engulf bacterial and cellular debris

144
Q

Astrocytes

A

provide nutrients to neurons

145
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin, which speed impulse transmission

146
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

it lines

147
Q

simple epithelia

A

a single layer of cells classified according to cell types

148
Q

squamous epithelium

A

flattened cells forming the lining of blood vessels and alveoli (flat, the more, the thicker)

149
Q

cuboidal epithelium

A

cubed shaped cells lining the kidney tubules and glands

150
Q

columnar epithelium

A

rectangular cells in columns lining the digestive tract (tall and skinny, want it to absorb)

151
Q

stratified epithelia

A

layers of cells piled one on top of the other (lining the nose, mouth, and esophagus)

152
Q

glandular epithelia

A

secretes products like mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones (will seprete)

153
Q

Integumentary System

A

made up of the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

154
Q

Epidermis

A

stratified squamous epithelium composed of keratinocytes and melanocytes (top skin layer)

155
Q

Dermis

A

dense fibrous connective tissue containing sensory receptors, blood vessels, and glands

156
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

loose connective tissue and adipose tissue, which stores fat (bottom skin layer, fat tissue)

157
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

is the most common yet least deadly form of skin cancer

158
Q

Melanoma

A

is the most deadly form of skin cancer but is the least common.

159
Q

Nails

A

sheets of hard keratinized cells forming a protective covering for the fingers and toes

160
Q

hair filicides

A

found in the dermis and where sebum is released to lubricate the hair

161
Q

oil glands

A

secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair

162
Q

sweat glands

A

play a role in modifying body temp and have ducts that lead to a pore at the surface of the skin

163
Q

Organ

A

two or more tissue types working towards a particular function

164
Q

Organ System

A

is a combination of organs that work together to carry out a particular function

165
Q

integumentary system

A

largest single organ of the body that has a protective function, synthesizes vitamin D, collects sensory data, and helps regulate body temp

166
Q

cardiovascular system

A

transports nutrients and O2 to cells and transports wastes away from cells; also defends against disease

167
Q

lymphatic system

A

immunity, defends against disease, absorbs fats, and drainage of tissue fluid

168
Q

digestive system

A

ingestion and digestion of food. absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste materials. nonmetallic.

169
Q

respiratory system

A

gaseous exchange at lungs and tissues and helps control pH balance

170
Q

urinary system

A

eliminates metabolic wastes and helps control fluid and pH balance

171
Q

skeletal system

A

internal support and protection and production of blood cells

172
Q

muscular system

A

moves body and internal organs and produces body heat

173
Q

nervous system

A

receives sensory input, integrates, and initiates motor output

174
Q

endoctrine system

A

produces hormones for regulation of body tissue

175
Q

reproductive system

A

production of gametes and sex hormones and nurtures offspring

176
Q

Ventral

A

largest cavity located on the front side of the body

177
Q

thoracic cavity

A

encloses and protects the heart and lungs

178
Q

diaphragm

A

breathing muscle

179
Q

abdominal cavity

A

below the diaphragm and encloses the stomach, liver, spleen, intestines, reproductive organs, and urinary organs.

180
Q

dorsal

A

smallest cavity located on the backside of the body

181
Q

cranial cavity

A

protects the brain

182
Q

vertebral cavity

A

protects the spinal cord

183
Q

negative feedback

A

primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps everything at normal levels

184
Q

sensory component

A

detects change in the internal environment

185
Q

control center

A

brings about an effect to return conditions back to normal again

186
Q

positive feedback

A

a mechanism that brings about an ever greater change in the same direction

BiSci (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions