BiSci Exam #1 Flashcards
Biology
is the science of life or the study of living organisms.
Cells Tissues Organs Organ System Organisms
Humans are highly organized (5)
Organ systems maintain homeostasis
maintaining a stable internal environment even when the external environment changes.
Homeostasis
living; where that organ, cell, etc likes to be regulated
evolution
change
Biosphere
zone of air, land, and water at the surface of the Earth in which living organisms are found.
Science
the study of the material universe or physical reality in order to understand it.
Scientific Theory
concept supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and data.
Cell Theory
all organisms are compounded of cells.
Gene Theory
organisms contain coded info that determines their form, function, and behavior.
Evolution Theory
all living things have a common ancestor but each is adapted to a particular way of life.
Observation Hypothesis Experiment/Observations Conclusion Scientific Theory
Scientific Method (5)
DNA
what is in the nucleus
DV
the results from the initiation
Control Group
used for comparison and is not exposed to the experimental variable.
Test Group
is exposed to the experimental variable
Experimental Variable
is what is to be tested (purposely changed or manipulated)
-during the experiment, all the conditions must be kept constant expect for the experimental variable
Cell
all organisms are composed of cells and new cells only come from pre-existing cells.
Homeostasis
the internal environment of an organism stays relatively constant.
Ecosystem
populations of organisms interact with each other and the physical environment
Evolution
all living things that have a common ancestor, but each is adapted to a particular way of life.
Matter
anything that occupies space and has mass.
-composed of elements
Atoms
smallest unit of an element that still retains the chemical and physical properties of the element.
Proton
positive charge, 1 atomic unit, in nucleus
Neutron
neutral charge, 1 atomic unit, in nucleus
Electron
negative charge, 0 atomic units, electron cloud
-orbit around the nucleus
Element
the basic building block of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means.
Molecules
bonding of atoms to form a chemical unit
can be same or different atoms
Protons
Atomic number=
ion
uncharged particle
Proton+Neutron
Atomic weight=
isotopes
same type of atom with varying numbers of neutrons(weighs different)
Radioactive isotopes
can be useful in dating old objects, imaging body organs and tissue thru x-rays, and killing cancer cells.
Compound
different atoms bond together
ionic bonding
the attraction between oppositely charged atoms
NaCl=table salt
Covalent Bonding
occurs when atoms share a pair of electrons
Water
most abundant molecule in living organisms
Hydrogen Bonding
weak bond can be broken easily
- liquid at room temp
- temp rises and falls slowly
- has high heat of vaporization
- frozen is less dense that liquid
- cohesive
- solvent for polar molecules
Properties of water (6)
Acid
substance that dissociate in H2O, releasing H+
Base
substance that either take up H+ or release OH-
Acidic Solutions
high H+ concentration, low pH
Basic Solutions
high OH- concentration, high pH
pH Scale
used to indicate the acidity and basicity of a solution (measure of H+)
-ranges from 0-14
10x
each unit has___x the basicity/acidity of the previous unit
Dehydration Reaction
the removal of water that allows subunits to link together into larger molecules
Hydrolysis Reaction
the addition of water that breaks larger molecules into their subunits
Dehydration Synthesis
makes bigger molecule, take H2O out, anabolic reaction
Hydro Synthesis Degration
breaks molecule down, add H2O, catabolic reaction
Macromolecule
a molecule that contains many subunits
Carbohydrates
- sugar
- made of subunits called monosaccharides
- function as long and short term energy storage
- simple and complex
monosaccharide
simple sugar made up of carbon atoms
glucose, fructose, galactose
disaccharide
made by joining only two monosaccharides together by dehydration reaction
polysaccharide
made up of many glucose units
- starch
- glycogen
- cellulose
Lipid
- fats
- molecules that don’t dissolve in water
- used as energy molecules
- found in cell membranes
- fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids
triglyceride
made up of one glycerol molecule plus three fatty acid molecules and used for long term energy storage
saturated
solid, room temp, single bond (fats)
unsaturated
liquid, room temp, double bond (oils)
bile
breaks down water and fat (produced in the liver)
trans fats
these type of fats are linked to cancer cells
Phospholipids
primary component of cellular membranes and are soluble in H2O, b/c they have a hydrophilic group.
Steroid
type of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings (cholesterol, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)
Proteins
- meat
- made up of amino acid subunits
- important for diverse functions in the body (hormones, enzymes, antibodies, and transport)
- can denature (undergo a change in shape to causes loss of function)
Proteins
macromolecules with amino acid subunits
Amino Acids
end product of protein digestion
Enzymes
control nearly all the chemical reactions that occur in the body and when exposed to extremes in heat and pH, they undergo a change in shape (denaturation)
all enzymes
are proteins, but not all proteins are enzymes
- Primary Structure
- linear sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds (polypeptide chain) - Secondary Structure
- occurs when polypeptide takes on certain orientation in space - Tertiary Structure
- final 3 dimensional shape - Quaternary Structure
- polypeptide with its own primary,secondary, and tertiary structures (hemoglobin and most enzymes)
Levels of Protein Organization (4)
Nucleic Acids
- made of nucleotide subunits
- function in the cell to make proteins
- include RNA and DNA
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
stores genetic info in the cell and codes for the order in which amino acids are to be joined.
- polymers of nucleotides
- nucleotide (phosphate, sugar(deoxyribose), base
- double stranded helix
- bases (A,T,C,G)
- A=T
- C=G
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
- single stranded
- polymers of nucleotides
- bases (A,U,C,G)
- A=U
- C=G
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
nucleotide that is a high energy carrying molecule in all cells, may be cashed in for energy when needed.
Cell
unit structure and function for all living organisms
Cell Theory
- a cell is the basic unit of life
- all living things are made up of cells
- new cells arise only from preexisting cells
Cell Size
cells need a large surface area relative to the volume of cytoplasm so most are relatively small and are microscopic
Prokaryotic Cells
- thought to be the first cells to evolve
- lack a nucleus
- rep. by bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic Cells
- have a nucleus that houses DNA
- many membrane bound organelles
- a cell has a plasma membrane, a cytoskeleton, a nucleus, and cytoplasm and organelles
- plasma membrane
- surrounds and delineates the cell - cytoplasm
- the semi fluid substance inside the cell that contains organelles - DNA
what do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common? (3)
Selectivity Permeable
The membrane allows some things in while keeping other substances out
plasma membrane
a phospholipid bilayer that is selectivity permeable.
Passage Transport
a cell exerts no energy in gaining materials from its environment.
Diffusion
random movement of molecules from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration (want to equal things out)
Osmosis
diffusion of H2O across a plasma membrane (move it in to delude)
Hypotonic Solutions
cause cells to swell and burst due to intake of H2O(gain of H2O)
Hypertonic Solutions
cause a cell to shrink due to loss of H2O (loss of H2O)
isotonic solution
equal amounts of solute and solvent (there is no net gain or loss of H2O)
Facilitated Transport
some molecules are transported by means of protein carriers within the membrane
Active Transport
requires a protein carrier and the use of cellular energy (ATP)
Cytoskeleton
protein fibers that criss-cross the cytoplasm and help maintain shape of the cell and also allows movement of the organelles
Chromatin
determines sex of the individual and hereditary characteristics
Nucleoli
one or more spheres that produce ribosomal RNA
Nuclear Envelope
double membrane that separates that nuclear materials from the cytoplasm and is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear Pores
entrance of proteins and exit of nRNA and mRNA
Nucleoplasm
semifluid supporting the chromatin and nucleoli
protein
ribosomes=
DNA strand
nucleotide=
Ribosomes
- small organelles where protein synthesis occurs
- protein plant
The Endomembrane System
consists of the nuclear envelop, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles
sER
produces phospholipids, testosterone in the testes, and helps detoxify drugs in the liver
rER
where proteins are synthesized and where processing and modification begin
Golgi Apparatus
where proteins and lipids are processed, packaged, and secreted
Lysosomes (hydrolytic enzymes)
membranous sacs for intracellular digestion
Cilia and Flagella
projections of cells for movement and cilary sets up moving currents
Mitochondria
involved in cellular respiration a process that converts glucose into ATP molecules
Cellular Metabolism
all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell
Proteins
- channels
- hormones
- markers
- enzymes
Cell Respiration
metabolic reactions that use the energy from carb, fatty acid, or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecules
Fermentation
an anaerobic process that produces very little ATP per glucose molecule and results in a build up of lactic acid
Aerobic
have O2
Anaerobic
no O2 available
Basic Solution
H+ down
OH- up
Acidic Solution
H+ up
OH- down
compound
C6H12O6
Connective Tissue
binds and supports the body
muscle tissue
moves the body and its part
nervous tissue
receives stimuli and conducts nerve impulses
epithelial tissue
covers body surfaces and lines the cavities of the body
Sarcomas
cancers of the bone and cartilage (connective)
Leukemia
cancers of the blood
Lymphomas
cancers of the lymphoid tissue
Carcinomas
cancers of the epithelial tissue (skin cancer)
- fibrous
- supportive
- fluid
3 types of connective tissue
-cyte
matured cell
Hyaline Cartilage
has a white translucent appearance and found in the nose and ends of long bones
Elastic Cartilage
more flexible and found in the outer ear
Fibrocartilage
found between the vertebrae in the backbone
Lacunae
cells in chambers
bone
rigid connective tissues
compact bones
hard mineralized matrix that gives strength to bone
spongy bones
large spaces filled with red marrow
Blood
consists of formed elements and plasma
RBC
transports oxygen to body cells
WBC
fights infection, some are phagocytic and others combine and foreign substances to inactive them
Platelets
cell fragments necessary for clotting of the blood
Lymph
matrix is a fluid
tissue fluid (lymph)
plays a role in fluid, ion, and pH balance within the body
Skeletal Muscle
voluntary muscles attached to the bones
Smooth Muscle
involuntary muscles making up the walls of the internal organs
cardiac muscle
involuntary muscles found only in the heart
Nervous Tissue
it allows communication between cells thru sensory input, integration of data, and motor output
-made of neurons and neuroglia
Neuron
nerve cell made up of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon
Neuroglia
cells that support and nourish neurons
Microglia
engulf bacterial and cellular debris
Astrocytes
provide nutrients to neurons
Oligodendrocytes
form myelin, which speed impulse transmission
Epithelial Tissue
it lines
simple epithelia
a single layer of cells classified according to cell types
squamous epithelium
flattened cells forming the lining of blood vessels and alveoli (flat, the more, the thicker)
cuboidal epithelium
cubed shaped cells lining the kidney tubules and glands
columnar epithelium
rectangular cells in columns lining the digestive tract (tall and skinny, want it to absorb)
stratified epithelia
layers of cells piled one on top of the other (lining the nose, mouth, and esophagus)
glandular epithelia
secretes products like mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones (will seprete)
Integumentary System
made up of the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
Epidermis
stratified squamous epithelium composed of keratinocytes and melanocytes (top skin layer)
Dermis
dense fibrous connective tissue containing sensory receptors, blood vessels, and glands
Subcutaneous layer
loose connective tissue and adipose tissue, which stores fat (bottom skin layer, fat tissue)
Basal Cell Carcinoma
is the most common yet least deadly form of skin cancer
Melanoma
is the most deadly form of skin cancer but is the least common.
Nails
sheets of hard keratinized cells forming a protective covering for the fingers and toes
hair filicides
found in the dermis and where sebum is released to lubricate the hair
oil glands
secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair
sweat glands
play a role in modifying body temp and have ducts that lead to a pore at the surface of the skin
Organ
two or more tissue types working towards a particular function
Organ System
is a combination of organs that work together to carry out a particular function
integumentary system
largest single organ of the body that has a protective function, synthesizes vitamin D, collects sensory data, and helps regulate body temp
cardiovascular system
transports nutrients and O2 to cells and transports wastes away from cells; also defends against disease
lymphatic system
immunity, defends against disease, absorbs fats, and drainage of tissue fluid
digestive system
ingestion and digestion of food. absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste materials. nonmetallic.
respiratory system
gaseous exchange at lungs and tissues and helps control pH balance
urinary system
eliminates metabolic wastes and helps control fluid and pH balance
skeletal system
internal support and protection and production of blood cells
muscular system
moves body and internal organs and produces body heat
nervous system
receives sensory input, integrates, and initiates motor output
endoctrine system
produces hormones for regulation of body tissue
reproductive system
production of gametes and sex hormones and nurtures offspring
Ventral
largest cavity located on the front side of the body
thoracic cavity
encloses and protects the heart and lungs
diaphragm
breathing muscle
abdominal cavity
below the diaphragm and encloses the stomach, liver, spleen, intestines, reproductive organs, and urinary organs.
dorsal
smallest cavity located on the backside of the body
cranial cavity
protects the brain
vertebral cavity
protects the spinal cord
negative feedback
primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps everything at normal levels
sensory component
detects change in the internal environment
control center
brings about an effect to return conditions back to normal again
positive feedback
a mechanism that brings about an ever greater change in the same direction
