BISCI FINAL EXAM Flashcards
isotonic solutions
the water is equal inside and outside the cell
metabolism
includes the sum of the chemical reactions that occur within a cell
homeostasis
the ability of living things to maintain an internal environment that operates under specific conditions
isotopes
differ due to the number of neutrons
acidic solution
the number of H+ is greater than the number of OH-
formed elements and plasma
blood is composed of what
hemoglobin
RBC contain this that carries oxygen to the bloodstream
atomic number
proteins are the same # as
a buffer
maintains the pH within a normal range which is required for homeostasis
positive feedback system
results in increasing change in the same direction
platelets
clotting of the blood
WBC
blood dealing with immune system
neutral
p+ = e-
pH scale
ranges 0-14
7
neutral number on pH scale
0-7
acid on pH scale
- pH down
- H+ up
- OH- down
7-14
basic on pH scale
- pH up
- H+ down
- OH- up
negative feedback
system that results in change in opposite direction
O-
dude has type O- blood and needs transfusion, what type of blood can he receive?
- right atrium
- right ventricle
- pulm arteries
- lungs
- pulm veins
- left atrium
- left ventricle
- aorta
passage thru heart (8)
- glomerulus
- proximal convoluted tubule
- descending limb of loop
- ascending limb of loop
- distal convoluted tubule
- collecting duct
nephron in order of how filtration would occur (6)
he will have both B antigens and Rh antigens on his RBC, and antibodies against A
dude has type B blood, what will his blood contain?
passive immunity
- an injection of serum that contains antibodies (taking antibiotics)
- immunoglobulin injections
- breast feeding
- cytonkines
- monoclonal antibodies
active immunity
involves making your own antibodies against an antigen, whether it is introduced via infection(exposure) or a vaccination
- recovery from disease
- vaccines
- dependent on the presence of memory B and T cells
surfactant
what is missing in infant respiratory distress syndrome?
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- rectum
- anus
digestive system (8)
BMI
gives you an idea of how much of your weight is due to adipose tissue (body fat). this can vary depending on your fitness, bone structure, or gender
increasing CO2
when breathing into a paper bag after hyperventilating, are you increasing or decreasing CO2?
hypovent
breathing too slow (CO2 up)
hypervent
breathing too fast (CO2 down)
urinary system
filters out bloodstream
kidney
wants to keep glucose
arteries
taking away blood from heart
veins
putting blood into heart
atrium
two top layers of heart
ventricles
two bottom layers of heart
right
blood enters heart on left or right?
pancreas
both insulin and glucagon are secreted by ———- directly into the bloodstream
- hematoma
- fibrocartilage callus
- bony callas
- remodeling
4 steps of bone repair
the blood glucose levels are very high in both
what does type 1 and 2 diabetes have in common
exocrine gland
pancreas delivers its product thru a duct
endocrine gland
pancreas delivers its product to the bloodstream
ATP
energy protein
nearsighted
can see close objects better
farsighted
can see objects better at a distance
insulin
is secreted when the blood glucose level is high
tendons
connects muscle to bone
ligaments
connects bone to bone
interneurons
CNS reflex artery
sensory neurons
bring info into the CNS
motor neurons
decides to react from the CNS
cones
detects color in retina layer
rods
detects shapes and outlines in the retina layer
karyotype
a display of chromosomes
nervous system
first system to become visibly differentiated
fertilization
the union of the sperm and egg
pap test
early detection of cervical cancer by what test
implantation
embryonic development begins at
non-disfunction
the failure of chromosomes to separate during anti phase
23 pairs
how many chromosomes does a human have
bacterial and curable
chlamydia is what type of infection
gene expression
describes how cells display their genetic characteristics
fetal development
development that is after embryo implants and last from the 3rd thru the 9th month
virus and not curable
genital herps is what type of infection
phenotype
physical appearance
zygote
results from the union of a sperm with 23 chrome and an egg with 23 chrome
meiosis
cuts chromosomes in 1/2
-interphase
-cell division
=cell cycle
mitosis
growth and repair
DNA
- double stranded
- deoxyribose
RNA
- single stranded
- ribose
transcription
copy DNA
translation
read copy of DNA
innate
nonspecific pathogen
active immunity
specific pathogen (T and B lymph)
20 years
emerging disease
T cells
HIV virus target what helper cells
virus no cure
genital warts is what type of infection
bacterial with a cure
gonneria is what type of infection
carcinomas or melanoma
cancers of the epithelial tissue
- change in bowl or bladder habits
- a sore that does not heal
- unusual bleeding or discharge
- thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
- indigestion or difficulty swallowing
- obvious change in wart/mole
- nagging cough or hoarseness
7 warning signs of cancer
- A-symmetry
- border
- color
- diameter
4 things to check in moles
monthly
self exam yourself for cancer how often
age 50
you should begin to get checked for colon cancer at what age
gonorrhea
STD resistant to antibiotic therapy
HPV
genital warts is caused by what
epidemics
more cases of the disease than expected in a certain area for a certain period, more widespread
outbreak
the epidemic is confined to a local area
pandemic
a disease that occurs worldwide, a global epidemic
virus
- acellular (not composed of cells)
- obligate parasites (must replicate inside a living cell)
- made of capsid and inner core
Phase of HIV infection
Category A
- acute phase
- asymptomatic but highly infectious
Phase of HIV infection
Category B
- chronic phase
- has one or more of a variety of symptoms related to an impaired immune system
Phase of HIV infection
Category C
- AIDS
- has one or more of the opportunistic infections that eventually cause death
HIV
- made up of two single strands of RNA
- enveloped with spikes
- carries three enzymes (reverse transcriptase, intergrase, protease)
- treated with drug therapy and vaccines
Bacteria
- 10x larger than viruses and are prokaryotypes
- cellular but lack membrane-bound nucleus
opportunistic pathogen
when it penetrates the skin or invades other parts of the body, a staph infection may result
tuberculosis
- caused by rod-shaped bacterium
- spread thru cough, sings, or sneezes
- lasts 4-12 weeks
- it takes at least 6 months to kill all the bacteria in the body
malaria
- transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito
- flu like symptoms
immune system
consists of lymphatic organs, tissues, and cells as well as products of these cells
red bone marrow
- primary lymphatic organ
- site of stem cells that are capable of dividing and producing blood cells
thymus gland
- primary lymphatic organ
- where T lymphs mature
spleen
- secondary lymph organ
- lymphocytes react to pathogens and macropages engulf debris and remove any old, worn out RBC
lymph nodes
- secondary lymph organ
- T lymphocytes fight infection and attack cancer cells and macrophages engulf pathogens and debris
tonsils
- secondary lymph organ
- first to encounter pathogens and foreign antigens
peyer`s patches
- secondary lymph organ
- encounter pathogens that enter the body by way of the intestinal tract
innate
non-specific defenses
- skin
- mucus membrane
- sebum
- ciliated cells
- HCL
- normal flora
non-specific defenses barriers (6)
- effective if unbroken
- mucus traps germs and debris
- contains chemicals that weaken or kill certain bacteria on the skin
- sweep mucus and trapped particles up into the throat
- inhibits growth and kills many types of bacteria
- keeps pathogens from taking up residence
inflammatory reaction “call to arms”
sends phagocytic WBC to the site of bacterial invasion and stimulates the immune system to react against a possible infection
- neutrophils
- macrophages
compliment proteins
plasma proteins that poke holes in bacterial walls allowing fluids and salts to enter until the cell eventually bursts
T-cells
provide cell mediated immunity (CMI) and are unable to recognize foreign antigens without help
