BiSci #3 (Exam 2)

Question 1

microbes

Answer 1

are microscopic organisms and particles that include: bacteria, viruses, prions, and other organisms such as fungi, multicellular papa sites, and single-celled protistans.

Question 2

bacteria

Answer 2

single celled, prokaryotic organisms is known as

Question 3

virus

Answer 3

• small, non living obligate parasites
• reproduce inside a host cell
• acellular (not composed of cells)
• outer protein coat called a capsid and nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) inside
• some have an envelope
• specific to which cell type they will attach to and enter

Question 4

prion

Answer 4

• infectious protein particles
• cause degenerate disease of the nervous system
• normal proteins change their shape

Question 5

lymphatic system*

Answer 5

• lymphatic capillaries absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream
• lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine, absorb fats associated with proteins
• helps defend against pathogens
• works in the production maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes in the body

Question 6

lymph

Answer 6

one way valve that carries fluid

Question 7

lymphatic vessels

Answer 7

• made of capillaries, vessels, and ducts
• function to return tissue fluid to the bloodstream
• veins (both carry fluid)

Question 8

primary lymphatic organs*

Answer 8

• red bone marrow

- thymus

Question 9

secondary lymphatic organs*

Answer 9

• lymph nodes

- spleen

Question 10

first line of defense

Answer 10

barriers to entry: physical and chemical

Question 11

second line of defense

Answer 11

• phagocytic WBC
• inflammatory response
• protective proteins: compliment and interferons

Question 12

third line of defense

Answer 12

• helps protect us against specific pathogens when nonspecific defenses fail
• helps protect us against cancer
• depends on the action of B and T cells

Question 13

B cells

Answer 13

produce plasma cells and memory cells

• plasma cells produce specific antibodies
• memory cells are ready to produce antibodies in the future

Question 14

T cells

Answer 14

regulate immune response; produce various types

• cytotoxic cells kill virus infected and cancer cells
• helper cells regulate immunity
• memory cells are ready to kill in the future

Question 15

Y shaped protein

Answer 15

the basic unit that composes antibody molecules is what shape

Question 16

the trunk of the Y

Answer 16

is a constant region that determines the class of the antibody

Question 17

the arms of the Y

Answer 17

are the variable regions where specific antigens bind

Question 18

helper T cells*

Answer 18

secrete cytokines that help many immune cells function

Question 19

cytotoxic T cells

Answer 19

have vacuoles containing granzymes and perforins (perforins punch holes in the target cells, followed by granzymes that cause the cell to undergo apoptosis)

Question 20

active immunity

Answer 20

• the individual`s body makes antibodies against a particular antigen
• usually long lasting

Question 21

passive immunity

Answer 21

-an individual is given antibodies against a particular antigen (short-lived)

Question 22

immune system can harm the body

Answer 22

1. allergies
2. tissue rejection
3. immune system disorders

Question 23

autoimmune disease

Answer 23

cytotoxic T cells or antibodies attack the body`s own cells as if they were foreign
(multiple sclerosis, lupus, myasthenia gravis, and rheumatoid arthritis)

Question 24

immunodeficiency disease

Answer 24

the immune system is compromised and thus unable to defend the body against disease
(AIDS and SCID)

Question 25

lymphatic vessels*

Answer 25

back up into heart, which is squeezed in by the skeletal muscles

Question 26

lymphatic organs*

Answer 26

skeletal system, produces bone marrow

Question 27

active, must work to fight off*

Answer 27

chicken pox (naturally or vaccinated) is active or passive?

Question 28

passive b/c given those markers*

Answer 28

antibodies are active or passive?

Question 29

nervous system (eats neurons)*

Answer 29

prions attack where? causes shaking

Question 30

themis*

Answer 30

T cells mature here

• adults shrink here
• T cell is form of WBC
• made in bone marrow