BiSci #3 (Exam 2) Flashcards
microbes
are microscopic organisms and particles that include: bacteria, viruses, prions, and other organisms such as fungi, multicellular papa sites, and single-celled protistans.
bacteria
single celled, prokaryotic organisms is known as
virus
- small, non living obligate parasites
- reproduce inside a host cell
- acellular (not composed of cells)
- outer protein coat called a capsid and nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) inside
- some have an envelope
- specific to which cell type they will attach to and enter
prion
- infectious protein particles
- cause degenerate disease of the nervous system
- normal proteins change their shape
lymphatic system*
- lymphatic capillaries absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream
- lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine, absorb fats associated with proteins
- helps defend against pathogens
- works in the production maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes in the body
lymph
one way valve that carries fluid
lymphatic vessels
- made of capillaries, vessels, and ducts
- function to return tissue fluid to the bloodstream
- veins (both carry fluid)
primary lymphatic organs*
- red bone marrow
- thymus
secondary lymphatic organs*
- lymph nodes
- spleen
first line of defense
barriers to entry: physical and chemical
second line of defense
- phagocytic WBC
- inflammatory response
- protective proteins: compliment and interferons
third line of defense
- helps protect us against specific pathogens when nonspecific defenses fail
- helps protect us against cancer
- depends on the action of B and T cells
B cells
produce plasma cells and memory cells
- plasma cells produce specific antibodies
- memory cells are ready to produce antibodies in the future
T cells
regulate immune response; produce various types
- cytotoxic cells kill virus infected and cancer cells
- helper cells regulate immunity
- memory cells are ready to kill in the future
Y shaped protein
the basic unit that composes antibody molecules is what shape
the trunk of the Y
is a constant region that determines the class of the antibody
the arms of the Y
are the variable regions where specific antigens bind
helper T cells*
secrete cytokines that help many immune cells function
cytotoxic T cells
have vacuoles containing granzymes and perforins (perforins punch holes in the target cells, followed by granzymes that cause the cell to undergo apoptosis)
active immunity
- the individual`s body makes antibodies against a particular antigen
- usually long lasting
passive immunity
-an individual is given antibodies against a particular antigen (short-lived)
immune system can harm the body
- allergies
- tissue rejection
- immune system disorders
autoimmune disease
cytotoxic T cells or antibodies attack the body`s own cells as if they were foreign
(multiple sclerosis, lupus, myasthenia gravis, and rheumatoid arthritis)
immunodeficiency disease
the immune system is compromised and thus unable to defend the body against disease
(AIDS and SCID)
lymphatic vessels*
back up into heart, which is squeezed in by the skeletal muscles
lymphatic organs*
skeletal system, produces bone marrow
active, must work to fight off*
chicken pox (naturally or vaccinated) is active or passive?
passive b/c given those markers*
antibodies are active or passive?
nervous system (eats neurons)*
prions attack where? causes shaking
themis*
T cells mature here
- adults shrink here
- T cell is form of WBC
- made in bone marrow
