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Intergrated Medical Sciences > Skeletal- Histology > Flashcards

Skeletal- Histology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the process of the formation of the skeleton?

A
  1. Bone collar forms around the hyaline cartridge model
  2. Cartilage in the centre of the diaphysis calcifies and develops into cavities.
  3. The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form.
  4. The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms as ossification continues. Secondary ossification centre appears in the epiphyses in prep for stage 5.
  5. The epiphyses ossify when completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage.
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2
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?

A 
Protects internal organs 
Stores and releases fats
Produces blood cells
Stores and releases minerals 
Facilitates movement 
Supports the body
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3
Q

Define Axial?

A

Involves skeletal structures within the CNS such as the brain and the spinal cord

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4
Q

Define Appendicular?

A

Involves skeletal structures such as the lower limbs and upper limbs.

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5
Q

What are the 3 main types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartlidge
Elastic

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6
Q

Define Hyaline cartilage?

A

Translucent matrix which is the most common type.
Covered by dense perichondrium matrix contains closely packed collagen fibres.
Provides rough but flexible support.

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7
Q

Define Elastic cartilage?

A

Contains elastic fibres allowing it to be flexible
Tolerates distortion
Found in the outer ear and epiglottis.

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8
Q

Define fibrocartlidge?

A

Matrix dominated by large collagen fibres
Tough durable
Results in compression and absorption
Prevents bone damage

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9
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Compact

Spongy

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10
Q

What type of marrow is in bone?

A

Yellow bone marrow

Red bone marrow

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11
Q

What is the function of yellow and red bone marrow

A

Yellow bone marrow - stores fat

Red bone marrow- Produced red blood cells

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12
Q

Define and give an example of compact bone?

A

Osteons are an example of compact bone
Osteocytes are arranged in concentric circled layers around the central canal with blood vessels.
Lamellae of osteons form cylinders around central canal
Blood vessels supply blood to osteons

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13
Q

What is a osteon surrounded by?

A

Periosieum

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14
Q

Define and give an example of spongy bone?

A

Lamellae forms rods called TRABERCULAE.
Frequent branching causes thin trabecular creates an open network.
Nutrients via canaliculi
Red marrow is found between trabercuale.

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15
Q

Define the structures of the bone?

A

Diaphysis- Bone shaft

Epiphysis- Proximal and distal ends of the bone

Metaphysis- Region between the diaphysis and epiphyses

Periosteum- Tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that supplies the bone surface

Medullary cavity- Cavity within the diaphysis that contains the bone marrow and vessels.

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16
Q

Define what a long bone is?

A

Tubular structure e.g FEMUR

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17
Q

Define what a short bone is?

A

Cuboidal structure e.g TARSALS

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18
Q

Define what a flat bone is?

A

Protective function e.g CRANIUM

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19
Q

Define what an irregular bone is?

A

Various shapes such as a zygomater

20
Q

Define a sesamoid bone?

A

Tendons e.g PATELLA

21
Q

What are the 4 types of cells present in bone tissue and define them

A
  1. Osteoprogentior cells
    Tissue from which almost all connective tissue are formed
  2. Osteoblast
    Secrete collagen fibres to build extracellular matrix of bone tissue.
  3. Osteocytes
    Maintain daily metabolism of bone tissue, such as exchange of nutrients with blood.
  4. Osteoclasts
    Releases powerful enzymes that digest the protein and mineral components of the extra cellular matrix.

OSTEOBLASTS BUILD BONE OSTEOCLASTS CONSUME BONE

22
Q

Explain the vasculature of bone?

A

Nutrient arteries pass through the foramen
Blood reaches the osteoclasts in the compact bone by Haversian systems.
Ends of the bones supplied by metapheseal and epiphyseal arteries

23
Q

How much calcium does the bone store

A

99%

24
Q

What cells depend on a stable level of calcium ions in extracelluar fluid

A

Nerve and Muscle cells

25
Q

How does bone regulate calcium homeostasis?

A

Regulates via blood plasma using osteoclasts when the levels decrease and absorbed calcium using osteoclasts when level rises.

26
Q

Whats the general treatment for fractures

A

To realign and immobilise the bone fragments to restore functions.

27
Q

Define what reduction is for a fracture?

A

Where the fracture ends must be brought into alignment.

28
Q

What are the 2 types of alignment?

A

Closed reduction

Open reduction

29
Q

Define the 2 types of reduction?

A

Closed reduction- Fractured ends of bones are brought into line alignment. My manual manipulation and skin remains intact.

Open reduction- Fractured ends of a bone are brought into alignment by a surgical procedure using fixative devices such as screws.

30
Q

What are the 4 stages of healing?

A
  1. Hematoma formation
  2. Fibrocartildginous callus formation
  3. Bony callus formation
  4. Bone remodelling
31
Q

What cells remove the dead and damaged tissue around the fracture hematoma.

A

Phagocytes and osteoclasts.

32
Q

Define the entire process of heeling?

A

Blood vessels crossing the fracture line are broken

Mass of blood forms around the site of the fracture

Formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus, and a bony callus to bridge the gap between the broken ends of the bones.

Blood vessels grow into the fracture hematoma and phagocytes begin to clear up dead blood cells.

Fibroblasts from the periosteum invade the fracture site and produce collagen fibres.

osteoprogenitor cells develop into osteoblasts, which begin to produce spongy bone trabeculae.

the fibrocartilage is converted to spongy bone, and the callus is then referred to as a bony callus.

Dead portions of the original fragments of broken bone are gradually resorbed by osteoclasts.

Compact bone replaces spongy bone around the periphery of the fracture

33
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Sinovial

34
Q

What is a joint

A

Unison between two or more bones.

35
Q

Define fibrous joint?

A

Sutures on the cranium are examples of this
are examples of fibrous joints.
These bones are held close together, either interlocking along a wavy line or overlapping.

36
Q

Define Cartilaginous joint?

A
  • United by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
  • Primary cartilaginous joints are temporary unions, such as those present during the development of a long bone.
  • Secondary cartilaginous joints are strong, slightly moveable joints united by fibrocartilage.
37
Q

Define Synovial joint?

A

The most common type of joint.
•Provide free movement between the bones they join.
•Joints of locomotion.

38
Q

Define plane joint?

A

Permit gliding or sliding movements in the plane of the articular surfaces. The opposed surfaces of the bones are flat or almost flat, with movement limited by their tight joint capsules.

•Example includes acromioclavicular joint

39
Q

Define grade 1 fracture?

A

Grade I – AC sprain.
A slight displacement of the joint. The acromioclavicular ligament may be stretched or partially torn. This is the most common type of injury to the AC joint.

40
Q

Define grade 2 fracture?

A

Grade II - A partial separation of the joint in which there may be some superior displacement of the clavicle that may not be obvious during a physical examination.

The acromioclavicular ligament is completely torn, while the coracoclavicular ligaments remain intact.

41
Q

Define grade 3 fracture?

A

Grade III - A complete separation of the joint.

The acromioclavicular ligament, the coracoclavicular ligaments, and the capsule surrounding the joint are torn. Usually, the displacement is obvious on clinical exam.

Without any ligament support, the shoulder falls under the weight of the arm and the clavicle is pulled up by the trapezius and SCM, causing a bump on the shoulder.

42
Q

Define a hinge joint?

A
  • Permit flexion and extension only.
  • The joint capsule is thin and lax anteriorly and posteriorly where movement occurs
  • Bones are joined by strong lateral collateral ligaments
  • (elbow joint)
43
Q

Define a condyloid joint?

A
  • Permit flexion and extension as well as adduction and abduction.
  • Metacarpophalangeal joints
44
Q

Define a pivot joint?

A
  • Permit rotation around a central axis.

* Atlantoaxial joint is a pivot joint in which the atlas rotates around the dens of the axis during rotation of head.

45
Q

What movement does ball and socket joint permit?

A

Allow movement in multiple axes and planes (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation and circumduction.

•Spheroidal surface of one bone moves within the socket of another.

Intergrated Medical Sciences (38 decks)

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