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Intergrated Medical Sciences > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 ways cells can communicate

A

Paracrine
Synaptic
Endocrine
Contact Dependent.

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2
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of

A

cells
tissues
organs

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3
Q

What is the primary function of the endocrine system

A

Endocrine are ductless glans which secrete hormones in the interstitial fluid and blood throughout the body.

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4
Q

What structures do the endocrine system utilise

A 
Pituitary 
Thyroid 
Parathyroid
Endocrine pancreas
Adrenal glands
Pineal Glands.
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5
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus

A 
Most of the involuntary mechanisms including 
Body temperature 
Hunger
Thirst 
Sleep
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6
Q

What is the role of the Thyroid gland

A

Regualtes energy and metabolism

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7
Q

What is the role of the pancreas

A

Aids in digestion of protein fats and carbohydrates.

Produces insulin which controls blood sugar levels.

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8
Q

Role of the ovaries

A

Influences how the blood circulates and determines sex drive.

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9
Q

What is the role of the adrenal glands

A

Secretes many hormones such as cortisone and adrenaline which helps in fight or flight situations.

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10
Q

What is the role of the thymus

A

Helps build resistance to diseases

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11
Q

What is the role of the parathyroid

A

Secretes hormones necessary for calcium absorption.

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12
Q

What is the role if the pituitary gland

A

Controls all other endocrine glands such as
growth
metabolism
regeneration

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13
Q

What is the main function of the endocrine cells

A

Secrete hormones

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14
Q

How do endocrine cells work

A

Can be gathered together to form a specialised organ

Form discreet clusters in another specialised organ

May be dispersed singly amongst cells in other epithelial tissues.

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15
Q

What hormones are released from the hypothalamus

A

CRH corticotropin releasing hormone

TRH thyrotropin releasing hormone

GHRH growth hormone releasing hormone

GnRH gonadotropin releasing hormone

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16
Q

What hormones are released via the anterior pituitary gland

A 
ACTH 
TSH thyroid stimuling hormone 
GH
FSH
LH
Prolactin
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17
Q

What hormones are released via the posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH

OXYTOCIN

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18
Q

What hormones are released by the thyroid gland

A

T4

T3

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19
Q

What hormones are released in the cortex of the adrenal glands

A

CORTISOL
CORTICOSTERONE
ALDOSTERONE
ANDROGENS

20
Q

What hormones are released in the medulla of the adrenal glands

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

21
Q

What hormones are released by the pancreas

A

insulin

glucagonn

22
Q

What hormone is released via the pineal gland

A

Melatonin

23
Q

What is a hormone

A

Chemical substance that is classified as a peptide steroid or amine.

24
Q

How do hormones work

A

They are secreted in small amounts into the blood circulation and delivered to the target tissues where they can emit a physiological response.

25
Q

What are the 3 biosynthetic pathways for hormones synthesis

A
  1. Peptides and proteins are synthesised form amino acids.
  2. Steroids derived from cholesterol
  3. Amines derived from tyrosine.
26
Q

What do peptide hormones secrete and their source and function

A

Secrete
Insulin
Glucagon

Both from the pancreas

Function
Fuel and storage and glucose use.

27
Q

What do amine hormones secrete and their source and function

A

Secrete
Epinephrine

From
Adrenal Medulla

Function
Muscles glycogenolysis
Fat cell lipolysis

28
Q

What do steroid hormones secrete and their source and function

A

Secrete
Cortisol

From
Adrenal cortex

Function
Glucose production
Protein mobilisation.

29
Q

How are hormones regulates

A

They need to be turned off and on by neural mechanisms and feedback mechanisms.

30
Q

Differentiate the difference between positive feedback and negative feedback

A

Negative Feedback
A mechanism that occurs when the body systems need to slow down or stop a process that is occurring

Positive Feedback
A mechanism that occurs when the body systems needs to encourage or amplify a process that is occurring.

31
Q

What effect does FSH and LH have on the ovaries

A

Ovulation and stimulation of oestrogen secretion.

32
Q

What cell type secrete Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH and their function

A

Secreted by
Thyrotrophs

Stimulate the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone.

33
Q

What cell type secrete LH and FSH and their function

A

Secrete by
Gonadotrophs

Function
MALES- Stimulate sperm production

Females- Stimulate growth of an ovarian follicle and ovulation

34
Q

What cell type secrete Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH and its function

A

Secreted by
Corticotrophs

Function
Synthesis and Secretion of adrenal cortisol hormones.

35
Q

What cell type secretes growth hormone GH and its function

A

Secreted by
Somatotrophs

Function
Stimautes growth of bone and muscle and promotes protein synthesis and fat metabolism

36
Q

What secrete prolactin

A

Lactrophs

37
Q

How are peptide hormones synthesised

A

Transcription of DNA to mRNA

Translation of mRNA to final hormone

38
Q

What are the 4 different types of epithelial tissue of the anterior pituitary

A

Pars distalis
Pars Trabecula
Pars intermedia
Pars intermedia

39
Q

What is the function of ADH

A

Decrease water loss by kidneys

40
Q

What is the function of oxytocin

A

Promotes contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus.

41
Q

What are the 2 lobules the pineal gland is composed of

A

Pinealocytes which produces melatonin

Glial cells

42
Q

What are the 2 different cell types in parathyroid glands

A

Chief cells

Oxyphils

43
Q

What happens if the thyroid hormone does not function properly

A

Disturbances of thyroid hormones will affect growth, CNS, BMR, nutrient metabolism and the CV system.

44
Q

What is hypothyroidism

A

Graves disease is an autoimmune disease characterised by increased circulating levels of thyroid stimulating immunolglobina.

45
Q

What symptoms occur with hypothyroidism

A

Weight loss

Rapid heart due to up regulation

46
Q

What are the 3 layers of the medulla of the adrenal gland

A

Zona rectiualris
Zona fasciculata
Zona glomerulosa

Intergrated Medical Sciences (38 decks)

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