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Intergrated Medical Sciences > Immunology- Introduction to specific immunity > Flashcards

Immunology- Introduction to specific immunity Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q 
What are the 
-physical barriers
-inflammatory response
-Antimicrobial response 
- cells
in the innate immune system?
A 
physical barrier- Skin, mucous membrane
inflammatory response- histamine 
Antimicrobial protein- complement
Cells- 
Neutrophils 
macrophages 
eosinophils
NK cells
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2
Q

What are the 2 types of specific adaptive immunity?

A

Humoral

Cell mediated

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3
Q

Define the simple pathway for humoral immunity?

A

CD4 helper T cell stimulates B cell to release antibodies against extracellular pathogens

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4
Q

What pathological components are destroyed in humoral immunity?

A

Parasites and worms
extracellular bacteria
fungi
bacterial toxins

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5
Q

Define the simple pathway for cellular immunity?

A

CD4 helper T cell stimulates activation of CD8 cytotoxic t cells which lyse cells infected with intracellular pathogens.

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6
Q

What pathological components are destroyed in cellular immunity?

A

Intracellular bacteria
Viruses
Viral Protein

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7
Q

Explain the immune response timeline for innate immunity?

A

Infection within the first 4 hours
Allows recognition from non specific and broadly specific effectors.
Ultimately leads to the removal of the infectious agent.

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8
Q

Explain the immune response timeline for early induced innate response immunity?

A

Infection within 4- 96 hours.
This causes the recruitment of effector cells
Recognition of PAMPS and activation of effector cells and inflammation
Ultimately removal of infection agent.

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9
Q

Explain the immune response timeline for adaptive immunity response?

A

Infection over 96 hours
causes transport of antigens to lymphoid organs
recognition of naive b and T cells
Causes colonial expansion and differentiation to effector cells
Removal of infectious agent.

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10
Q

Where do B cells develop?

A

Bone marrow

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11
Q

What is the stages of T cell development and maturation?

A

Pre T cells develop in the bone marrow but then migrate to the thymus gland to become mature.

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12
Q

Define cell mediated immunity?

A

Involves CD8 t-cells proliferating into cytotoxic T cells which is largely associated with targeting intracellular pathogens.

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13
Q

Define antibody mediated immunity?

A

involved in the transformation of B cells into plasma cells.
The plasma cells then synthesise and secrete immunoglobulins and antibodies which will bind to specific antigens.
These are aided via CD4 helper T cells

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14
Q

Define an ANTIGEN?

A

Non-self molecular configuration.

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15
Q

What is the function of an antigen?

A

Activate the adaptive response of antibody production

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16
Q

Define immunogenicity?

A

Ability to induce a response mediated by the production of specific t-cells or antibodies.

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17
Q

Define reactivity?

A

Ability to react with antibodies or specific t- cells.

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18
Q

What do t- cells respond to?

A

Protein antigens

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19
Q

What do B-cells respond to?

A

Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids.

20
Q

How do antigens come into contact with the immune system?

A

By either being carried via the blood into the spleen or the lymph to the lymph nodes. Where they are trapped by reticular fibres.

21
Q

What are MHC molecules?

A

MHC are molecules which are expressed on the surface of cells important in immune response.
They guide recognition of antigen by t-cells
They bind epitopes of antigens and present them to t-cell

22
Q

What are the two types of MHC

A

MHC 1

MHC 2

23
Q

What Is MHC 1

A

Built into the plasma membrane in all body cells besides RBC

24
Q

What is mHC 2

A

Found on membranes of antigens

25
Q

How is antigen processing achieved?

A

B/T cells recognising the antigen
B cells can recognise antigens in the body fluids
T cells can only recognise antigens presented to them in combo with an MHCA

26
Q

Where do MHC proteins arise from

A

Self proteins

27
Q

How is an MHC molecule stabilised and incorporated into the cells membrane as a self antigen?

A

Protein fragments are associated with a peptide binding groove of a newly synthesise MHC molecule.

28
Q

What happens when an mHC molecule arises from a non self source?

A

MHC will express a non self antigen

29
Q

What are the 2 ways you can process foreign antigens?

A

Exogenous antigen processing

Endogenous antigen processing

30
Q

How do APCs present exogenous antigens in association with MHC.

A
  1. Phagocytosis or endocytosis occurs of the antigen
  2. Causes the digestion of antigens into peptide fragments.
  3. Vesicles containing peptide fragments and MHC 2 complex molecules fuse
  4. Peptide fragments bond to mHC 2 complex
  5. Vesicle undergoes exocytosis and antigen MHC 2 complex are inserted into the plasma membrane
31
Q

What does exogenous antigen processing refer to?

A

Antigens found within bodily fluids

32
Q

How are antigens processed exogenously?

A

APCs such as macrophages ingest the antigen which is digested into protein fragments which are transferred to a small vesicle like structure.
APCs also synthesise the MHC 2 molecule that are also packages into vesicles so that the MHC 2 line the inner membrane of the vesicle.
2 vesicles fuse together and undergo excosytosis. causing MHC 2 complex to be presented on the outside of csm.
After processing the APC migrates to lymphatic tissue where antigen can be presented to the T cell

33
Q

How are antigens processed endogenously?

A

Endogenous antigens are produced within the cell and fragments of these become associated with MHC 1 molecules
This antigen MHC 1 complex moves to the cell membrane where it is displayed on the surface antigen.

34
Q

Why do t -cells not recognise free antigen?

A

They only recognise antigens inside the body.

They recognise the epitopes of antigens when presented with an MHC Complex on the surface of other cell sin the body.

35
Q

Explain the process of T-cell antigen recognition?

A

Epitope recognised by t-cells receptors are often buried
The antigen must first be broken down into peptide fragments.
Epitope binds to a self molecule MHC
The T cell receptor binds to MHC and epitope peptide

36
Q

What is the 2 step process of T cell activation?

A

Initial binding of a T cell with specific antigen

Co-stimualtion

37
Q

Define costimualtion?

A

Different co stimulants activate T cells. If fully activated APC and co stimulants T cells will proliferate and diffrenictae.

38
Q

What does a lack of co stimulates do

A

Causes anergy

39
Q

what are the 3 main types of t cells

A

Memory
Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells

40
Q

How do helper T cells develop

A

They are developed from CD4 proteins.

41
Q

How do HELPER T cells contribute to the T cell activation?

A

Helper T cell recognise the antigen mHC complex and it costimulated by complimentary molecules on the APC which starts secreating cytokines

42
Q

What does interlukein IL-2 DO?

A

It triggers t -cel proliferation and enhance proliferation of the B cells and nk cells

43
Q

What is the role of cytokines?

A

Enhance the immunocompetent cell function.

Small hormones either stimulate to inhibit the cellular diffrenfitison

44
Q

Where are cytotoxic T cells derived from

A

CD8

45
Q

What do cytotoxic cells do?

A

They recognise antigen MHC1 complexes on virus infected cells and on some surfaces of cancer cells

46
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells destroy target cells?

A

By secreating

  • Poroforin
  • Lymphototoxins
  • Gamma interferons
47
Q

What is the role of memory cells?

A

They remain after an infection to allows rapid immune response when immune system comes across same antigen at higher amplitude.

Intergrated Medical Sciences (38 decks)

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