Digestion Part 2

Question 1

What are the different large salivary glands

Answer 1

Sublingual
Beneath the tongue

Submandibular
Floor of the mouth

Parotid
Empties into the mouth at 2nd molar

Question 2

How much saliva is recreated each day

Answer 2

1000-1500ml/day

Question 3

What is the function if the liver

Answer 3

To filter the blood coming from the digestive tract before passing it to the rest of the body.

Also detoxifies chemicals and metabolises drugs.

Question 4

Describe the anatomy of the liver

Answer 4

Largest internal organs
Makes bile and removes toxin

HAs 8 segments which each have their own portal pedicle

Question 5

What thoracic ribs protect the liver

Answer 5

7-11

Question 6

How does bile canaliculi work

Answer 6

Bile canaliculi collects the bile produced by hepatocytes and drains it into the bile duct.

Question 7

What is the pathway for bile in the liver.

Answer 7

Bile passes from the liver via the biliary ducts – right and left – that join to form the common hepatic duct which unites with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct.

Question 8

What is the composition of bile

Answer 8

Organic- bilirubin

Inorganic- bile salts

Question 9

What produces bile

Answer 9

Hepatocytes which passes into bile canluculi

Question 10

What can the over production of bile cause

Answer 10

jaundice

Question 11

What is the function of the gallbladder

Answer 11

Concentrates and stores bile

H2O and ions absorbed by mucosa

Receives watery bile from hepatic duct

Contraction of muscularis layer empties thick, concentrated bile into common bile duct and into small intestine.

Question 12

What happens when the small intestine is empty

Answer 12

sphincter of Oddi closes

Question 13

What are gall stones

Answer 13

Gallstones are cholesterol that have crystallised within the gall bladder

Question 14

What is the role of cck

Answer 14

1. Liver secrete bile
2. It remains In the gall baldder and becomes concerntrat4ed
3. the release of cck by the duodenum triggers dilationn of heaptopancreatic sphincter and contraction of the gall bladder. This ejects bile into the duodenum through the duodenal ampulla.
4. Bile breaks the salts and lipid droplets by emulsification.

Question 15

What is the role of the pancreas

Answer 15

Makes digestive juices that help break down food in the small intestine.•Behind stomach•Retroperitoneal•No distinct capsule•Covered by a thin layer of connective tissue•Endocrine and exocrine functions

Question 16

What is the exocrine function of the pancrease

Answer 16

Acini cells are clusters surrounding ducts responsible for secreting digestive enzymes.

Question 17

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas

Answer 17

Islets of Langerhans

There are 3 major types of cells in an islet:

1. Alpha cells make glucagon, which raises the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood
2. Beta cells make insulin
3. delta cells make somatostatin which inhibits the release of numerous other hormones in the body

Degeneration of beta cells is the main cause of type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus

Question 18

What is Gastritis

Answer 18

Gastritis indicates inflammation associated with mucosal injury of the stomach

Question 19

What is the most common cause of gastritis

Answer 19

H pylori

Question 20

What are the 2 types of gastric cancer

Answer 20

Intestinal

Diffuse

Question 21

Define the difference between the 2 types of gastric cancers.

Answer 21

type 1
Intestinal metaplasia is seen in the surrounding mucosa, often with H. pylori. This type is more likely to involve the distal stomach and occur in patients with atrophic gastritis.

Type 2
It may involve any part of the stomach, especially the cardia, and has a worse prognosis than intestinal type. Loss of expression of the cell adhesion molecule, E-cadherin, is the key event in the carcinogenesis of diffuse gastric cancers.

Question 22

What are the 2 forms IBD

Answer 22

Crohns Disease

UC