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VETS1060 Veterinary Biology > Single Cell Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Single Cell Eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

Three domains of life

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotes

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2
Q

Endosymbiosis theory:

A

1) phagocytosis of bacterial cell (red cyanobacterium)
2) phagocytosis causes double membrane mitochondria (one cellular, one bacterial)
3) eukaryote also takes up plastids
4) mitochondria also engulfs plastids leaving them with own set of DNA (Always inherited from the mother)

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3
Q

Evidence for Endosymbiosis theory (4)

A
  • mito and plastids have own genome
  • similar plastids found in divers lineages of protists
  • molecular and structural similarities between mitochondria and plastids
  • genomic sequences of mitochondria show similarity with that of some prokaryotes
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4
Q

Similarity of Mitochondria and Bacteria

A

1) size/morphology
2) mitochondrial division similar to bacterial binary fission
3) circular DNA
4) protein synthesis machinery (rRNA/tRNA)
5) phylogenetic analyses and signature sequences

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5
Q

Types of unicellular eukaryotes (2)

A

1) Autotrophic

2) Heterotrophic

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6
Q

Autotroph

A

Produce their own energy (Ex, Chloroplast)

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7
Q

Heterotroph

A

Food is sourced from organic compounds

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8
Q

Groups (clades) classified by (5)

A 
Molecular sequence
Cell ultrastructure
Presence/absence of locomotory structures
Presence/absence of mito and plastids
Structure of membrane
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9
Q

Clades (5)

A

1) Flagellates
2) Ciliates, apicomplexa, etc
3) Amoebae
4) Algae
5) Opisthokonts

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10
Q

Flagellate subgroups (3)

A

Diplomonadida (giardia)
Parabasalida (Trichomonas)
Euglenozoa (Trypanosoma)

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11
Q

Ciliate/Apicomplexa Subgroups

A

Apicomplexa (babesia)

Ciliata (Balantidium coli - pigs)

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12
Q

Flagellates

A

flagellated
anterior (front) flagella
2 or more flagella per cell
highly modified mitochondria

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13
Q

Diplomonadida

A 
Subgroup of Flagellates 
lack mitochondria 
possess Mitosomes instead - ATP gen.
 most are Anaerobic 
most are Symbiotic
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14
Q

Giardia

A

Diplomonadida
Intestinal parasite of humans, wild/domestic animals
Resistant cysts contaminate water
Diarrhoea in cats, dogs, caged birds

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15
Q

Parabasalida

A 
Subgroup of Flagellates
lack mitochondria
Posses Hydrogenosomes 
Most are anaerobic 
ALWAYS Symbiotic
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16
Q

Trichomonas

A

STD in humans and cattle
Relies on direct transmission
Severe disease, especially in female repro.
Males usually asymptomatic
Humans - T. Vaginalis (increase HIV risk)
Cattle - T. Foetus (abortions risk)

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17
Q

Euglenozoa

A

Subgroup of Flagellates
Many autotrophic and photosynthetic
Contain mitochondria

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18
Q

Kinetoplastids

A

Part of Euglenozoa –> part of flagellates
Flagellar movement
Free living and parasitic
Asexual reproduction by binary fission

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19
Q

Trypanosoma

A

Kinetoplastid –> Euglenozoa –> Flagellate
live in circulatory system of vertebrates
Humans: Sleeping sickness, chagas disease
Animals: Nagana

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20
Q

Intermediate host for Trypanosoma (2)

A

Old world: Tsetse Fly

New world: Reduviid bugs (kissing bugs)

21
Q

Apicomplexa

A 
4000 species
obligate parasites
INTRAcellular parasites
Apicomplexa used for cell invasion
move by small movements of cytoskeleton
22
Q

Example of Apicomplexa parasites

A

Babesia causes babesiosis in cattle

intermediate host: cattle tick

23
Q

Ciliates

A

Dual nucleus
Freshwater unicellular alveolates
cilia for movement and feeding

24
Q

Ciliates of veterinary importance (1)

A

Balantidium coli (pigs)

25
Q

Conjunction

A 
type of asexual reproduction
micronuclear replication (1 to 4), 3 die
mitosis then occurs (up to 4 again)
nuclei swap
nuclei fuse
macronuclei form
26
Q

Rumen Ciliates

A

Essential for digestion

500,000 ciliates per mL, 100L per rumen = 50x10^9

27
Q

Amoebae

A 
Cells that move by cytoplasmic flow
Flagellum USUALLY absent 
heterotroph
soil, fresh, marine environments
movement: Pseudopodia (false feet)
Predator
28
Q

Opportunistic Amoebae (2)

A

Acanthamoeba
naegleria

can enter brain/eye through freshwater contact

29
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica

A

causes dysentery

also found in guts of dog by non-pathogenic

30
Q

Red Alga

A

(rhodophyta)
some multicullular
use chlorophyll and other pigments (makes them RED)

31
Q

Green Algae

A 
Use chlorophyll (Green)
freshwater, marine, soil
unicellular, colonial, multicellular forms
autotrophs in marine 
CLOSEST RELATIVE TO PLANTS
32
Q

Opisthokonts

A
  • Posterior flagellum
  • unicellular/multicellular both have single flagella
    Example) Sperm
33
Q

Choanoflagellates

A
  • “choano’ –> Collar
  • Flagella produce water current for feeding
  • many unicellular, some colonial
  • CLOSE RELATIVE OF ANIMALS
34
Q

Animals are more closely related to _______ than they are to other protists

A

Opisthokonts

35
Q

Animals arose from?

A

Choanoflagellate ancestors

36
Q

4 types of Interspecific interactions

A

1) Amensalism (-/0)
2) Commensalism (+/0)
3) Mutualism (+/+)
4) Parasitism (+/-)

37
Q

Mutualism

A

(+/+): Both species benefit

Ex)

  • Ants and thorny acacia
  • Ciliates digest cellulose in ruminant stomach
  • Bacterial produce Vit. K in human colon
38
Q

Commensalism

A

(+/0): One benefits and one is unaffected

Ex) Adult cow stomach flukes
Pigs and the ciliate Balantidium coli

39
Q

Malaria

A 
Apicomplexan
Plasmodium falciparum
Mosquito is host
Liver infected 1st; Blood infected 2nd
Blood parasite
- haemolysis/fever/blood becomes sticky
40
Q

Coccidiosis

A

Apicomplexam
Gastrointestinal parasite
Transfer through cyst ingestion
Important parasite in livestock + wildlife conservation and rehabilitation

41
Q

Life cycle of Coccidiosis

A

1) Oocyst with sporozoites infect intestinal mucosa
2) Development into trophozoites in intestinal cells
3) Trophozoites infect sex cells
4) Trophs undergo binary fizzion in MALE sex cells and fertilize and infected egg which is infected, but hasnt undergone binary fission.
5) Fertilization occurs and ovum is released
6) Cyst released in faeces where troph divides into 2 within 1 ovum

42
Q

African Trypanosomiasis

A 
Flagellate 
Transmission: Effected Tsetse fly
Affects humans and domesticated animals 
Humans: Sleeping sickness
Cattle: Nagana
43
Q

Gene duplication

A

Primary source of producing new genes \

44
Q

Homologs

A

traits from a common ancestor

45
Q

Orthologs

A

Traits in different species but derived from a common ancestor

46
Q

Paralogs

A

Similar trait but with a different function and do not share a common ancestor

47
Q

First line of defence in the immune system?

A

Interferon-alpha

IFN-alpha

48
Q

Relationship between RNA placticity and genome size

A

Increased RNA plasticity equals a reduced genomic diversity/evolution

49
Q

Octopus

A

Have many editing site in RNA (RNA plasticity)

RNA changes instead of DNA

VETS1060 Veterinary Biology (17 decks)

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