Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

VETS1060 Veterinary Biology > Single Cell Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Single Cell Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Three domains of life

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endosymbiosis theory:

A

1) phagocytosis of bacterial cell (red cyanobacterium)
2) phagocytosis causes double membrane mitochondria (one cellular, one bacterial)
3) eukaryote also takes up plastids
4) mitochondria also engulfs plastids leaving them with own set of DNA (Always inherited from the mother)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Evidence for Endosymbiosis theory (4)

A
  • mito and plastids have own genome
  • similar plastids found in divers lineages of protists
  • molecular and structural similarities between mitochondria and plastids
  • genomic sequences of mitochondria show similarity with that of some prokaryotes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Similarity of Mitochondria and Bacteria

A

1) size/morphology
2) mitochondrial division similar to bacterial binary fission
3) circular DNA
4) protein synthesis machinery (rRNA/tRNA)
5) phylogenetic analyses and signature sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Types of unicellular eukaryotes (2)

A

1) Autotrophic

2) Heterotrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Autotroph

A

Produce their own energy (Ex, Chloroplast)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Heterotroph

A

Food is sourced from organic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Groups (clades) classified by (5)

A 
Molecular sequence
Cell ultrastructure
Presence/absence of locomotory structures
Presence/absence of mito and plastids
Structure of membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Clades (5)

A

1) Flagellates
2) Ciliates, apicomplexa, etc
3) Amoebae
4) Algae
5) Opisthokonts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Flagellate subgroups (3)

A

Diplomonadida (giardia)
Parabasalida (Trichomonas)
Euglenozoa (Trypanosoma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ciliate/Apicomplexa Subgroups

A

Apicomplexa (babesia)

Ciliata (Balantidium coli - pigs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Flagellates

A

flagellated
anterior (front) flagella
2 or more flagella per cell
highly modified mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Diplomonadida

A 
Subgroup of Flagellates 
lack mitochondria 
possess Mitosomes instead - ATP gen.
 most are Anaerobic 
most are Symbiotic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Giardia

A

Diplomonadida
Intestinal parasite of humans, wild/domestic animals
Resistant cysts contaminate water
Diarrhoea in cats, dogs, caged birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Parabasalida

A 
Subgroup of Flagellates
lack mitochondria
Posses Hydrogenosomes 
Most are anaerobic 
ALWAYS Symbiotic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Trichomonas

A

STD in humans and cattle
Relies on direct transmission
Severe disease, especially in female repro.
Males usually asymptomatic
Humans - T. Vaginalis (increase HIV risk)
Cattle - T. Foetus (abortions risk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Euglenozoa

A

Subgroup of Flagellates
Many autotrophic and photosynthetic
Contain mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Kinetoplastids

A

Part of Euglenozoa –> part of flagellates
Flagellar movement
Free living and parasitic
Asexual reproduction by binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Trypanosoma

A

Kinetoplastid –> Euglenozoa –> Flagellate
live in circulatory system of vertebrates
Humans: Sleeping sickness, chagas disease
Animals: Nagana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Intermediate host for Trypanosoma (2)

A

Old world: Tsetse Fly

New world: Reduviid bugs (kissing bugs)

21
Q

Apicomplexa

A 
4000 species
obligate parasites
INTRAcellular parasites
Apicomplexa used for cell invasion
move by small movements of cytoskeleton
22
Q

Example of Apicomplexa parasites

A

Babesia causes babesiosis in cattle

intermediate host: cattle tick

23
Q

Ciliates

A

Dual nucleus
Freshwater unicellular alveolates
cilia for movement and feeding

24
Q

Ciliates of veterinary importance (1)

A

Balantidium coli (pigs)

25
Conjunction
``` type of asexual reproduction micronuclear replication (1 to 4), 3 die mitosis then occurs (up to 4 again) nuclei swap nuclei fuse macronuclei form ```
26
Rumen Ciliates
Essential for digestion | 500,000 ciliates per mL, 100L per rumen = 50x10^9
27
Amoebae
``` Cells that move by cytoplasmic flow Flagellum USUALLY absent heterotroph soil, fresh, marine environments movement: Pseudopodia (false feet) Predator ```
28
Opportunistic Amoebae (2)
Acanthamoeba naegleria can enter brain/eye through freshwater contact
29
Entamoeba Histolytica
causes dysentery | also found in guts of dog by non-pathogenic
30
Red Alga
(rhodophyta) some multicullular use chlorophyll and other pigments (makes them RED)
31
Green Algae
``` Use chlorophyll (Green) freshwater, marine, soil unicellular, colonial, multicellular forms autotrophs in marine CLOSEST RELATIVE TO PLANTS ```
32
Opisthokonts
- Posterior flagellum - unicellular/multicellular both have single flagella Example) Sperm
33
Choanoflagellates
- "choano' --> Collar - Flagella produce water current for feeding - many unicellular, some colonial - CLOSE RELATIVE OF ANIMALS
34
Animals are more closely related to _______ than they are to other protists
Opisthokonts
35
Animals arose from?
Choanoflagellate ancestors
36
4 types of Interspecific interactions
1) Amensalism (-/0) 2) Commensalism (+/0) 3) Mutualism (+/+) 4) Parasitism (+/-)
37
Mutualism
(+/+): Both species benefit Ex) - Ants and thorny acacia - Ciliates digest cellulose in ruminant stomach - Bacterial produce Vit. K in human colon
38
Commensalism
(+/0): One benefits and one is unaffected Ex) Adult cow stomach flukes Pigs and the ciliate Balantidium coli
39
Malaria
``` Apicomplexan Plasmodium falciparum Mosquito is host Liver infected 1st; Blood infected 2nd Blood parasite - haemolysis/fever/blood becomes sticky ```
40
Coccidiosis
Apicomplexam Gastrointestinal parasite Transfer through cyst ingestion Important parasite in livestock + wildlife conservation and rehabilitation
41
Life cycle of Coccidiosis
1) Oocyst with sporozoites infect intestinal mucosa 2) Development into trophozoites in intestinal cells 3) Trophozoites infect sex cells 4) Trophs undergo binary fizzion in MALE sex cells and fertilize and infected egg which is infected, but hasnt undergone binary fission. 5) Fertilization occurs and ovum is released 6) Cyst released in faeces where troph divides into 2 within 1 ovum
42
African Trypanosomiasis
``` Flagellate Transmission: Effected Tsetse fly Affects humans and domesticated animals Humans: Sleeping sickness Cattle: Nagana ```
43
Gene duplication
Primary source of producing new genes \
44
Homologs
traits from a common ancestor
45
Orthologs
Traits in different species but derived from a common ancestor
46
Paralogs
Similar trait but with a different function and do not share a common ancestor
47
First line of defence in the immune system?
Interferon-alpha | IFN-alpha
48
Relationship between RNA placticity and genome size
Increased RNA plasticity equals a reduced genomic diversity/evolution
49
Octopus
Have many editing site in RNA (RNA plasticity) | RNA changes instead of DNA

VETS1060 Veterinary Biology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions