Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

Were Dinosaurs fluffy or scaled?

A

Fluffy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 Lineages of Reptiles

A

1) Para-reptilia

2) Eu-reptilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Eureptilia can be devided into two groups + examples

A

1) Lepidosauromorpha (snakes, lizards, sphenodon)

2) Archosauromorpha (dinos, crocs, birds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 orders of reptiles + examples

A

1) Tetrudines (turtles/tortoises)
2) Rhynsocephilia/Sphenodonta
3) Squamata (lizards, snakes)
4) Crocodilia (crocs, aligators)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What distinguished between the two groups of Tetrudines?

A

How they retract their necks:
Cryptodira: Contract neck backwards
Pleurodira: Flex neck laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Two groups of Tetrudines

A

1) Cryptodira

2) Pleurodira

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Testudines (general information)

A
Leatherback turtle is largest
Unique to turtles: positioning of limbs within shell
Marine and saltwater 
Herbivorous and Carnivorous 
Lack teeth - have keratinized ridges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Rhyncocephalia/Sphenodanta (general info.)

A

Lifespan ~100 years (sexually mature ~20yrs and females breed ~4-5yrs
Redevelopment of diapsid skull
Teeth:
Fuse to bone
Double row (maxilla), single row (mandible)
All have stapes, incus, malleus - Reptiles only have stapes between incus(quadrate) and inner ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference between the human ear and reptilian ear?

A

Humans: Eardrum, malleus(articular), Incus(quadrate), stapes, Inner Ear

Reptiles: Eardrum, Stapes, Inner Ear
NO OUTER MEMBRANE, OR TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
Contain Incus and Quadrate as bones of the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Squamates (general info.)

A

Evolution of venom early on
60% of squamates have venom
Movable Quadrate Bone* (back part of the jaws)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which to lizards have venom?

A

Gila Monster [heloderma suspectum] (usa)

Mexican beaded lizard [heloderma horridum]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who are the closest living relatives to birds?

A

Crocodilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Crocodilia

A

Closest living relative to birds
Semi-sprawled posture
Ability to high-walk
Ancestors were bipedal - sprawled gait is a derived trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dinosaurs lived during what period?

A
Triassic Period (~250mya)
Dominant is Jurassoc period (210mya)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Main lineages of Dinosaurs (2)

A

1) Ornithischia
2) Saurichia

*Ischia refers to pelvic region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ornithischia

A

“bird-hipped”
Herbivore
Ex) Stegosaurus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Saurischia

A
"Lizard-Hipped"
Sauropods: Herbivores
Theropods: Carnivores
    - Ex: Tyrannosaurus
    - Birds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Reptiles (General info.)

A

All must return to lad to lay eggs or live young (except sea snakes)
Thick keratinized stratum corneum
Epidermal scales
Scutes
Distribution limited by being ectothermic
Specialized atlas and axis cervical vertebrae
Thoracic/lumbar vertebrae not clearly different from rest
Many caudal vertebrae (tail)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Endothermic

A

Body produces heat

20
Q

Ectothermic

A

Heat absorbed by the environment

21
Q

Homeothermic

A

Body temperature consistent

22
Q

Holothermic

A

Body temperature varies

23
Q

Scutes

A

Large, plate-like scales

Modified scales form horns, spikes, and crests

24
Q

Animals that contain Osteoderms

A

Crocodilians, testudines, and some lizards

25
Osteoderm
Plates of bone (-osteo) Developed within the dermis (-derms) Additional support to epidermis
26
Carapace
``` Osteoderm fused with ribs and vertebrae in turtles and tortoises Dorsal shell ("top") ```
27
Plastron
Fusion of osteoderms | Ventral shell
28
Aspects that distinguish reptiles (7)
1) Pectoral girdle 2) Pelvic girdle 3) Limb bones 4) Skull 5) Paired Lungs 6) Heart 7) Sexual dimorphism
29
Reptile Pectoral girdle
Scapula, coracoid, clavicle, and inter-clavicle
30
Reptile Pelvic girdle
Ilium, Ischium, and pubis | Arranged differently compared to humans
31
Reptile Limb bones
5 digits on each of the manus and pes | Very similar to mammals
32
Reptile Skull
Key feature is the number of temporal fenestrae
33
Types of reptilian skulls (2)
1) Anapsid | 2) Diapsid
34
Anapsid
Lacks fenestrae | Ancestral reptiles, turtles and tortoises
35
Diapsid
Two fenestrae Ancestral: Dinosaurs and crocodiles Modern: Snakes, lizards, and birds
36
Reptile Lung
Paired lungs Many lizards have reduced left lung Reptiles have unidirectional flow - just like birds
37
Reptilia Heart
No typical reptilian heart Separate pulmonary and systemic circulations Some degree of mixing
38
Amphibian heart anatomy
2 atriums and 1 ventricle | Allows for complete mixing
39
Reptilian heart anatomy
2 atriums Partial septum between ventricles Allows for partial mixing
40
Sexual dimorphism in turtles/tortoises
Males have concave plastron
41
Sexual dimorphism in snakes and lizards
Males have longer tail due to hemipenes
42
Types of reproduction (3)
1) Viviparous 2) Oviparous 3) Parthenogenesis
43
Viviparous
Give birth to live young ~20% of extant snakes and lizards Fertilised eggs retained in oviduct Greater protection from predators and environment
44
Oviparous
Oviduct deposits albumin (not in snakes/lizards) in shell membrane and shell Turtles/crocs: Ca2+ from shell used for calcification of embryonic skeleton Yolk is the source of food
45
Parthenogenesis
Production of eggs without fertilization | Embryo derived solely from the fusion of 2 eggs