Reptiles

Question 1

Were Dinosaurs fluffy or scaled?

Answer 1

Fluffy

Question 2

2 Lineages of Reptiles

Answer 2

1) Para-reptilia

2) Eu-reptilia

Question 3

Eureptilia can be devided into two groups + examples

Answer 3

1) Lepidosauromorpha (snakes, lizards, sphenodon)

2) Archosauromorpha (dinos, crocs, birds)

Question 4

4 orders of reptiles + examples

Answer 4

1) Tetrudines (turtles/tortoises)
2) Rhynsocephilia/Sphenodonta
3) Squamata (lizards, snakes)
4) Crocodilia (crocs, aligators)

Question 5

What distinguished between the two groups of Tetrudines?

Answer 5

How they retract their necks:
Cryptodira: Contract neck backwards
Pleurodira: Flex neck laterally

Question 6

Two groups of Tetrudines

Answer 6

1) Cryptodira

2) Pleurodira

Question 7

Testudines (general information)

Answer 7

Leatherback turtle is largest
Unique to turtles: positioning of limbs within shell
Marine and saltwater 
Herbivorous and Carnivorous 
Lack teeth - have keratinized ridges

Question 8

Rhyncocephalia/Sphenodanta (general info.)

Answer 8

Lifespan ~100 years (sexually mature ~20yrs and females breed ~4-5yrs
Redevelopment of diapsid skull
Teeth:
Fuse to bone
Double row (maxilla), single row (mandible)
All have stapes, incus, malleus - Reptiles only have stapes between incus(quadrate) and inner ear

Question 9

What is the difference between the human ear and reptilian ear?

Answer 9

Humans: Eardrum, malleus(articular), Incus(quadrate), stapes, Inner Ear

Reptiles: Eardrum, Stapes, Inner Ear
NO OUTER MEMBRANE, OR TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
Contain Incus and Quadrate as bones of the skull

Question 10

Squamates (general info.)

Answer 10

Evolution of venom early on
60% of squamates have venom
Movable Quadrate Bone* (back part of the jaws)

Question 11

Which to lizards have venom?

Answer 11

Gila Monster [heloderma suspectum] (usa)

Mexican beaded lizard [heloderma horridum]

Question 12

Who are the closest living relatives to birds?

Answer 12

Crocodilia

Question 13

Crocodilia

Answer 13

Closest living relative to birds
Semi-sprawled posture
Ability to high-walk
Ancestors were bipedal - sprawled gait is a derived trait

Question 14

Dinosaurs lived during what period?

Answer 14

Triassic Period (~250mya)
Dominant is Jurassoc period (210mya)

Question 15

Main lineages of Dinosaurs (2)

Answer 15

1) Ornithischia
2) Saurichia

*Ischia refers to pelvic region

Question 16

Ornithischia

Answer 16

“bird-hipped”
Herbivore
Ex) Stegosaurus

Question 17

Saurischia

Answer 17

"Lizard-Hipped"
Sauropods: Herbivores
Theropods: Carnivores
    - Ex: Tyrannosaurus
    - Birds

Question 18

Reptiles (General info.)

Answer 18

All must return to lad to lay eggs or live young (except sea snakes)
Thick keratinized stratum corneum
Epidermal scales
Scutes
Distribution limited by being ectothermic
Specialized atlas and axis cervical vertebrae
Thoracic/lumbar vertebrae not clearly different from rest
Many caudal vertebrae (tail)

Question 19

Endothermic

Answer 19

Body produces heat

Question 20

Ectothermic

Answer 20

Heat absorbed by the environment

Question 21

Homeothermic

Answer 21

Body temperature consistent

Question 22

Holothermic

Answer 22

Body temperature varies

Question 23

Scutes

Answer 23

Large, plate-like scales

Modified scales form horns, spikes, and crests

Question 24

Animals that contain Osteoderms

Answer 24

Crocodilians, testudines, and some lizards

Question 25

Osteoderm

Answer 25

Plates of bone (-osteo)
Developed within the dermis (-derms)
Additional support to epidermis

Question 26

Carapace

Answer 26

Osteoderm fused with ribs and vertebrae in turtles and tortoises 
Dorsal shell ("top")

Question 27

Plastron

Answer 27

Fusion of osteoderms

Ventral shell

Question 28

Aspects that distinguish reptiles (7)

Answer 28

1) Pectoral girdle
2) Pelvic girdle
3) Limb bones
4) Skull
5) Paired Lungs
6) Heart
7) Sexual dimorphism

Question 29

Reptile Pectoral girdle

Answer 29

Scapula, coracoid, clavicle, and inter-clavicle

Question 30

Reptile Pelvic girdle

Answer 30

Ilium, Ischium, and pubis

Arranged differently compared to humans

Question 31

Reptile Limb bones

Answer 31

5 digits on each of the manus and pes

Very similar to mammals

Question 32

Reptile Skull

Answer 32

Key feature is the number of temporal fenestrae

Question 33

Types of reptilian skulls (2)

Answer 33

1) Anapsid

2) Diapsid

Question 34

Anapsid

Answer 34

Lacks fenestrae

Ancestral reptiles, turtles and tortoises

Question 35

Diapsid

Answer 35

Two fenestrae
Ancestral: Dinosaurs and crocodiles
Modern: Snakes, lizards, and birds

Question 36

Reptile Lung

Answer 36

Paired lungs
Many lizards have reduced left lung
Reptiles have unidirectional flow - just like birds

Question 37

Reptilia Heart

Answer 37

No typical reptilian heart
Separate pulmonary and systemic circulations
Some degree of mixing

Question 38

Amphibian heart anatomy

Answer 38

2 atriums and 1 ventricle

Allows for complete mixing

Question 39

Reptilian heart anatomy

Answer 39

2 atriums
Partial septum between ventricles
Allows for partial mixing

Question 40

Sexual dimorphism in turtles/tortoises

Answer 40

Males have concave plastron

Question 41

Sexual dimorphism in snakes and lizards

Answer 41

Males have longer tail due to hemipenes

Question 42

Types of reproduction (3)

Answer 42

1) Viviparous
2) Oviparous
3) Parthenogenesis

Question 43

Viviparous

Answer 43

Give birth to live young
~20% of extant snakes and lizards
Fertilised eggs retained in oviduct
Greater protection from predators and environment

Question 44

Oviparous

Answer 44

Oviduct deposits albumin (not in snakes/lizards) in shell membrane and shell
Turtles/crocs: Ca2+ from shell used for calcification of embryonic skeleton
Yolk is the source of food

Question 45

Parthenogenesis

Answer 45

Production of eggs without fertilization

Embryo derived solely from the fusion of 2 eggs