Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VETS1060 Veterinary Biology > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 stages of embryonic development in ALL animals

A

1) Fertilization
2) Cleavage
3) Gastrulation
4) Organogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Homologues of this drosophila gene are important in embryonic development

A

Tinman gene - regulates heart position in drosophila

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 key events in fertilization

A

1) Contact
2) Acrosomal reaction
3) Cortical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Contact

A

1st stage of fertilization

- Sperm makes contact with protective egg coating (Zona pelludica)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Acrosomal reaction

A

2nd stage of fertilization

  • enzymes dissolve jelly coat
  • molecules on sperm bind to receptors on egg
  • species specific binding process (not in all mammals)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cortical reaction

A

Changes at surface of egg prevent further sperm from entering - Polyspermy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

Outer jelly coating of the females egg while still in the ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What occurs when the head of the sperm contacts an egg

A

Spermatozoon touches Zona pellucida
- triggers acrosomal process
- spermatozoon release hydrolytic enzymes
from the acrosome (head)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the significant process within the acrosomal process within fertilization?

A

Release of actin filaments

  • pierce the jelly coat
  • Proteins on the tip of the acrosomal process bind to receptors and act as lock and key
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Acrosomal process - Non-Mammals

A

Quick-Block Process

  • Binding of proteins on acrosomal process causes fusion of spermatozoon and egg
  • Fusion triggers Na release
  • Na influx causes depolarization
  • Depolarization blocks other sperm from fusing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cortical Reaction

A 
All Mammals
Longer lasting - block polyspermy
- Cortical granules beneath egg membrane released into perivitelline space
- Hardens
- Receptors clipped off
- No further binding of other sperm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is is called when rapid cell division occurs and a single egg (zygote) forms many smaller cells?

A

Blastomeres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the first 5-7 divisions called?

A

Blastula

Blastocyst (in mammals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is it called when many small cells surround a fluid filled space?

A

Blastocoel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two main types of cleavage systems?

A

1) Holoblastic

2) Meroblastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Holoblastic cleavage

A
  • yolk concentrated at vegetal pole
  • indentation causes “cleavage furrow”
  • 1st cleavage: furrow crosses over both vegetal and animal pole
  • 2nd cleavage: 90deg. to 1st cleavage
  • 3rd cleavage: produces 8 distinct cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Meroblastic

A

Furrow cannot pass through vegetal pole
Cleavage only occurs in animal pole
- Results in blastula (blastocyst) which contains a fluid filled blastocoel

18
Q

What types of animals undergo Meroblastic cleavage? (5)

A

1) Monotremes
2) Birds
3) Reptiles
4) Fish
5) Insects

19
Q

What types of animals undergo Meroblastic cleavage? (5)

A

1) Monotremes
2) Birds
3) Reptiles
4) Fish
5) Insects

20
Q

Which pole of the zygote is and which type of systematic cleavage impedes furrow formation

A

Vegetal pole / Meroblastic cleavage

  • vegetal pole is more dense and impedes cleavage in certain directions
  • difference in pole density is feature of systematic cleavage
21
Q

Embryoblast

A 
Inner collection (mass) of cells which is attached to the trophoblast
- Trophoblast: outermost layer of cells before zona pellucida
22
Q

Gastrulation results in which 3 layers in the embryo?

A

1) Endoderm
2) Mesoderm
3) Ectoderm

23
Q

Endoderm forms: (3)

A

1) Epithelial lining of respiratory, excretory, reproductive tracts
2) Epithelial lining of digestive tract and liver/pancreas
3) Thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid

24
Q

Mesoderm forms: (5)

A

1) Musculo-skeletal system
2) Circulatory/lymphatic systems
3) Excretory/reproductive systems (not germ cells)
4) Dermis of skin
5) Adrenal cortex

25
Q

Ectoderm forms:

A

1) Epidermis of skin (and sweat glands, hair follicles)
2) Nervous/sensory systems
3) Pituitary gland, adrenal medulla
4) Jaws and teeth
5) Germ cells

26
Q

If the first “hole” in the zygote is called the blastocoel, the second one is called?

A

Archenteron

Archenteron eventually displaces blastocoel and is the only “hole”

27
Q

Frog Gastrulation

A
  • Hollow ball of cells
  • Blastocoel eventually displaced by Archenteron
  • Endoderm forms yolk plug surrounded by blastopore
  • Blastopore develops into anus
  • Mouth/digestive cavity develops form archenteron
28
Q

Bird Gastrulation

A

Frog: Hollow ball of cells
Bird: Disc of cells
Contain 2 layers: Epiblast, Hypoblast
EMBRYO DEVELOPS FROM EPIBLAST

29
Q

The “disc” gastrulation process found in birds is called?

A

Blastoderm

30
Q

Primitive streak

A

Occurs during gastrulation in birds

  • Outer epiblast layer innervates towards yolk
  • Downward cell movement: Endoderm
  • Lateral cell movement: Mesoderm
  • Cells left on surface: Ectoderm
31
Q

What embryonic development changes occur in the zygote before implantation into endometrium of uterus?

A

Inner cell mass (embryoblast) further divides into
1) Epiblast
2) Hypoblast
Cells of epiblast move inward via the primitive streak and form mesoderm and endoderm

32
Q

Totipotent:

A
  • Stem cells which can for all cells of the body

- First few divisions after fertilization: 8-cell stage

33
Q

Pluripotent:

A
  • Can form all cell types of the body but NOT the extraembryonic tissue
34
Q

Multipotent:

A

Adult stem cells
Found in bone marrow/adipose tissue
Limited differentiation ability
- Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - cartilage, bone, adipose, [good at forming cells originating from the mesoderm]

35
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cells

A

iPSC’s

Produced from adult cells via ‘reprogramming’

36
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cells

A

iPSC’s

Produced from adult cells via ‘reprogramming’

37
Q

Neurulation

A

Process of forming the notochord

38
Q

Neurulation (process)

A

Ectoderm above the notochord becomes the neural plate
Neural folds: Adjacent tissue comes together to form top of neural tube
Neural tube: Formed by neural ectoderm

39
Q

What are the two types of cells which form near the neural tube?

A

1) Neural crest cells

2) Somites

40
Q

Neural crest cells

A
  • Form from neural folds
  • Migrate to many parts of the embryo
  • Neurons, bone, pigment cells
41
Q

Somite Cells

A
  • Form from mesoderm

- Play major role in organizing and segmentation of body (ex, vertebrae and associated muscles)

VETS1060 Veterinary Biology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions