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VETS1060 Veterinary Biology > Prok. and Animal Health > Flashcards

Prok. and Animal Health Flashcards

Definitions

1
Q

Symbiotic Interactions (3)

A

Close interaction between 2 or more organisms

  • Commensal
  • Mutualistic
  • Parasitic
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2
Q

Commensal

A

No apparent benefit or harm to either member of the association

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3
Q

Mutualism

A
  • Do not harm or contribute to normal health

- Protect us from infection

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4
Q

Parasitic

A

A pathogen that is able to produce disease

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5
Q

Feedcattle Opportunistic Parasite (1)

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

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6
Q

Types of Parasitism (2)

A

1) Opportunistic parasites

2) Obligate parasites

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7
Q

What causes eukaryotes to become opportunistic parasites? (2)

A

1) Change in location

2) Diminished immune status of host

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8
Q

Types of Mutualism (2)

A

1) Resident Mutualism

2) Transient Mutualism

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9
Q

Resident Mutualism

A

Always present in organ or on surface

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10
Q

Transient Mutualism

A

Only present for short periods of time

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11
Q

What is a Rumen

A

Large pre-gastric fermentation chamber

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12
Q

General Rumen Pathway

A

Plant material –> VFA’s + Methane

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13
Q

[Ruminants] Bacterial that use cellulose as substrate, and produce what VFA’s? (2)

A

Fibrobacter succinogenes
Ruminococcus Spp.

Both produce: Acetic, Succinic VFA’s

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14
Q

[Ruminants] Bacterial that use Starch/soluble sugars as substrate, and produce what VFA’s? (2)

A

Selenomanos ruminantium (acetic, proponoic, lactic VFA’s)

Streptococcus bovis (Lactic VFA’s)

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15
Q

[Ruminants] Bacterial that use Starch/Hemicellulose/sugars as substrate, and produce what VFA’s? (2)

A

Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (acetic, butyric, formic VFA’s)

Preveotella ruminicola (acetic, succinic)

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16
Q

[Ruminants] Bacterial that use Lactic Acid as substrate, and produce what VFA’s? (1)

A

Megasphaera elsdenii )Caproic, Butyric VFA’s)

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17
Q

Important Microorganisms in the Rumen (5)

A

1) Bacteria
2) Protozoa
3) Fungi
4) Archaea
5) Bacteriophages

18
Q

Genera of Fungi (5)

A

1) Neocallimastix
2) Piromyces
3) Caecomyces
4) Orpinomyces
5) Anaeromyces

19
Q

Cellulolytic bacteria release (2)

A

1) Cellobiose

2) Glucose

20
Q

Negative Interactions

A

1) Predation (Protozoa/bacteria ; Protozoa/protozoa)
2) Pathogens (bacteriophages, mycoplasma, viruses)
3) Competition for space and resources

21
Q

E. coli synthesize what and where(1)

A

Vitamin K in Intestine of ruminants

22
Q

E.coli

A

Synthesize Vitamin K
Help breakdown food
Assist in food absorption and waste processing
Intestine provides food for E.coli

23
Q

Bacterial disease multi-factorial complex (3)

A

1) Host
2) Microbes
3) Environment

24
Q

Entry of Organisms (6)

A

1) Exposure
2) Adherence
3) Invasion
4) Colonization and Growth (Back to exposure)
5) Toxicity or Invasiveness(Back to exposure)
6) Tissue Damage

25
Q

Virulence Factors (3)

A

1) Cause direct harm
2) Invasins
3) Evade host defences

26
Q

[Virulence] Causing Direct harm

27
Q

[Virulence] Invasins (2)

A

Exotoxins: Cytotoxins, haemolysins, proteases, phospholipids, leukocidins

Endotoxins: LPS, pyrogenic, toxic shock

28
Q

[Virulence] Evade Host Defence (4)

A

1) Flagella
2) Capsule
3) Siderophores (iron sequestering)
4) antiphagocytic, lytic proteins

29
Q

Types of Adhesins (3)

A

1) Fibreiae
2) pili
3) surface proteins

30
Q

Enterotoxigenic E.coli

A

Hypersecretory Diarrhoea in calves, lambs, pigs, and humans
Virulence factors for:
- colonization (Adhesins, siderophores)
Causes: Hypersecretory diarrhoea causing dehydration and acidosis

31
Q

Bacillus Anthracis

A

Associated with herbivores (sheep, goats, cattle - sometimes pigs, humans)
Infection: Spore inhalation, ingested, cutaneous infection
Contains Endotoxin: Oedema and tissue damage

32
Q

Anthrax

A

Spore
Spores survive in cyst form for years
Ingestion most common form of infection for rural outdoor animals

33
Q

Botulism

A 
Clostridium botulunum 
Toxin:
- acts peripherally at neuromuscular junction
- prevents acetylcholine release
- symetric, descending flaccid paralysis
34
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus (Sa)

A

Can be MRSA

35
Q

Antimicrobial resistance

A

Resistance to Beta-lactam antibiotis

36
Q

Basis of Resistance (4)

A

1) mecA resistance gene
2) Located on SCCmec (staphlococcus cassette chromosome)
3) often NOT b-lactamase BUT often contains other ARG’s
4) Contains surface analog Penecillin binding proteins (PBP2a) preventing antimicrobials to reach target site

37
Q

Zoonotic diseases (1)

A

Hendra virus

38
Q

Nonsocomial Infection (3)

A

MRSA
UTI
SSI

39
Q

Non-infectious diseases (1)

A

Helicobacter cancer

40
Q

Food and Water Borne Diseases (4)

A

Campylobacter
Giardia
Listeria
Salmonella

41
Q

Vector-borne diseases (1)

VETS1060 Veterinary Biology (17 decks)

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