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VETS1060 Veterinary Biology > Arthropods > Flashcards

Arthropods Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes Arthropods so successful?

A

1) Adaptable body plan
2) Thrive in a range of environments
3) Segmented body - “blocks”
4) Segments are fused allowing greater control
5) Exoskeleton with joint appendages

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2
Q

Tagmatisation/tagmosis

A

Fusion of segments producing “super-segments”

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3
Q

Arthropod Features (9)

A

1) Exoskeleton
2) Segmentation
3) Tagmata
4) Appendages
5) Respiratory structures
6) Circulatory system
7) Ventral nervous system
8) Complex excretory system
9) Sexual reproduction

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4
Q

what type of respiratory system do arthropods have?

A

Haemocoel system

Means they have an open system

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5
Q

Ecdysis

A

Moulting, allows for growth
Temporary vulnerability
Energetically expensive

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6
Q

Exoskeleton of arthropods are made of what? (2)

A

1) Protein

2) Chitin

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7
Q

What are the 5 lineages of Arthropods (both extinct and living): [5]

A

1) Trilobites - extinct
2) Chelicerates
3) Hexapods - (insects/6-legged relatives)
4) Crustaceans
5) Myriapod

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8
Q

What are the two categories of mouthparts

A

1) Chelicerate

2) Mandibulate

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9
Q

Chelicerae

A

Group of mouthparts

Chelicerate mouthparts are for grasping

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10
Q

Mandibules

A

Group of mouthparts

Mandibles are for chewing

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11
Q

What are the two groups are chelicerae and what are their functions

A

1) Chelicerae: Paired feeding structures modified into fangs (spiders) or pincers
2) Pedipalps: [palps] Feeding or sensory

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12
Q

Chelicerates

A

Group of organisms including

1) Spiders
2) Scorpions
3) Ticks
4) Mites

*4 Pair of legs, 8 legs total

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13
Q

How many legs to chelicerates have?

A

4 pairs of legs, 8 legs total

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14
Q

Two types of ticks with veterinary importance (2)

A

1) Babesia –> Tick fever
2) Ixodes holocyclus –> neurotoxin -> Tick paralysis
3) Boophilus –> Cattle tick

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15
Q

What are three ways ticks impact host

A

1) Anaemia –> Blood loss
2) Secrete toxins
3) Transmit pathogens

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16
Q

Boophilus life cycle

A

Cattle tick

1) Adult ticks on cattle
2) Engorged female lays 3000 eggs, and dies
3) Larval development: 2 months in summer; 7 months in winter; leads to “spring rise”
4) Larva quests
5) Attaches to host, feeds, moults

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17
Q

Why is it so difficult to remove a tick?

A

They have a hypostome

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18
Q

Hypostome

A

Toothed hypostomes are parts of the tick attachment mechanism which have backwards projecting teet
Pulling out can cause an anaphalactic reaction

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19
Q

Mites General Features

A

Ectoparasite
Transmission: Predominantly by contact
Ex) Scabies

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20
Q

Scabies

A 
Ectoparasite
Transmission by contact 
Cause mange
Associated with severe dermatitis 
Characterized by hairloss, scabs, keratenized skin with mites
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21
Q

How many legs do Mandibulates have?

A

3 pairs of legs, 6 legs in total

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22
Q

Mandibulates general features

A

3 pairs of legs, 6 legs total
2 pairs of wings
Beetles are most abundant
Complex bodies - 3 tagmata (head-thorax-abdomen)

23
Q

Features of Insecta

A

Hexapods - 6 legs

1) Exoskeleton
2) Excretory system
3) Advanced respiratory system
4) Advanced nervous system
5) Advanced sensory system
6) Internal fertilization
7) Resistant eggs

24
Q

Apterygotes

A

Primitively wingless insects

Mostly simple mouths

25
Q

What are the 5 classes of insects

A

1) Apterygota
2) Palaeoptera
3) Orthopteroida
4) Hemipteroida
5) Neuropteroida/Hymenopteroida/Panorpoida

26
Q

Palaeoptera

A

Evolution of wings
Simple insects with simple development
Wings didnt fold over abdomen

27
Q

Orthopteroida

A

Development of wings that fold over abdomen

28
Q

Hemipteroida

A

Retain simple development

Lifecycle: Egg, Juvenile [moult], Adult

29
Q

How many nymph stages do bedbugs have?

A

5

30
Q

Neuropteroida/Hymenopteroida/Panorpoida

A

True metamprphasis

Holometabolous development

31
Q

What is the scientific name for metamorphosis

A

Holometabolous development

32
Q

Advantages to metamorphasis

A

1) Adults occupy completely different habitat compared to larval stage
2) Larva and adults exploit different food
3) Allows insects to escape temporary habitats

33
Q

Insects of veterinary significance (3)

A

1) Fleas
2) Lice
3) Flies

34
Q

Fleas general information

A

non-perminant ectoparasites
host: dogs, cats, poultry, humans
Adult: blood-feedling - sucking mouthparts
Eggs: on host or in nest
Larvae: Detritus feeder including blood and faeces

35
Q

How do fleas cause harm? (3)

A

1) Direct harm: Flea-bite allergy (hypersensitivity)
2) Vector: Bacteria (plague), virus (myxomatosis)
3) Intermediate host: fleas host to “cucumber” tapeworm of dogs and cats
ex) Dipylidium caninum

36
Q

What is the name of the cat flea?

A

Ctenocephalides felis

37
Q

Ctenocephalides felis

A

Complete metamorphasis - holometabolous-development

38
Q

life cycle of cat flea

A

Ctenocephalides felis

1) egg derived from parent and found in bedding/carpets/soils/nests
2) larvae feeds on detritus/faeces
3) Pupa: lives off energy it stores when larvae
4) Adult: drinks host blood

39
Q

Lice general features

A

Permanent ectoparasite
Small, wingless, flattened body
Split into biting lice and non-biting lice

40
Q

Mallophaga (M)

A

Biting lice of mammals and birds

41
Q

Anoplura (A)

A

Biting lice of mammals only

42
Q

In what ways do lice cause harm to host?

A

1) Pediculosis: louse infection
2) Irritation, skin damage (M&A)
3) Anaemia from blood loss (A)
4) Vectors of bacteria eg, typhus (A)
5) Intermediate hosts: Tapeworms (M)

43
Q

Human head/body louse name

A

1) Pediculus humanus

2) Pediculus capitis

44
Q

Human pubic louse name

A

Phthirus pubis

45
Q

Myiasis

A

Invasion of living tissue by dipteran larvae (blowfly strike)
Huge economic loss in sheep industry (lucilia cuprina)
Ex) botfly, screw worm flies

*All have holometabolous development

46
Q

Mosquitos general features

A
  • family Culicidae
  • females feed on blood for protein source
  • females feed multiple times on host for blood
47
Q

Mosquitos in Australia transmit (3)

A

1) Ross River Virus (RRV)
2) Dengue fever
3) Barmah Forest Virus (BFV)
4) Dog heartworm
5) *Sometimes Malaria

48
Q

Aedes aegypti

A

Mosquito adapted to human habitat
Transmits: Dengue Fever, Yellow Fever

Signs Dengue: fever, headache, muscle and point pains, haemorrhagic fever

Signs Yellow: Liver damage, jaundice, haemorrhagic fever

49
Q

Aedes life cycle

A

2 habitats for life cycle

1) Larvae hatch in water
2) Pupae mature in water
3) Adults in terrestrial environment
4) Adults deposit eggs

50
Q

Crustacean general features

A

Dominant aquatic arthropod
Specialized appendages
Many small crustaceans important in plankton

51
Q

Plankton

A

Passive drifters, weak swimmers, most small, many microscopic

Includes larval forms but also larger crustaceans

52
Q

Copepods

A

Important group of crustaceans
Food source in aquatic systems
Some copepods are predatory
Can be parasitic to fish

53
Q

Which copepods are used to control dengue mosquito?

A

Mesocyclops species

VETS1060 Veterinary Biology (17 decks)

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