Birds Flashcards

1
Q

Birds evolved from?

A

predatory dinosaurs

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2
Q

Intermediates fron Jurassic (3)

A

1) Archaeopteryx
2) Aurornis
3) Anchiornis

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3
Q

General features of Archaeopteryx, Aurornis, Anchiornis

A

Clawed digits on forelimb
sharp teeth
long bony tail

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4
Q

Specialized derived traits for Archaeopteryx (2)

A

Flight feathers

Fused clavicles for Furcula (wish bone)

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5
Q

Furcula

A

Wish Bone

Strengthens thorax for flight

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6
Q

Which ancestor contained the feathers of modern birds

A

Archaeopteryx

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7
Q

Oviraptorosaurs had comparatively (long/short) forelimbs but (long/short) feathers

A

Short forelimbs

Long feathers

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8
Q

Theropod (Digit length)

A

small IV and V digits

Digit III the longest

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9
Q

Coelophysoids (digit length)

A

Digit V lost

Digit II and III equal length

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10
Q

Allosaurids and Dromeosaurids (digit length)

A

Digit IV lost

Digit II longer than III

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11
Q

Adaptations which gradually lead to flight (5)

A

1) Loss and fusion of bones (vertebrae and bones of pelvic girdle)
2) Reduction in body size
3) Outer cortex of bones: Thinner but more dense
4) Bones are hollow but have Trabeculae

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12
Q

Trabeculae

A

Cross bridges of bones within long portion for stabilization and allowing bones to be more light weight

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13
Q

3 Aspects of bird evolution (besides hollow bones)

A

1) Sternum became larger
2) Forelimbs became longer than hindlimbs
3) Teeth were lost repeatedly in different lineages

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14
Q

Birds are the (#) largest class of vertebrates

A

Second largest

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15
Q

Successful attributes of bird evolution (2)

A

1) Endothermy

2) Flight

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16
Q

Bird Skin

A

1) Thinner & highly vascularized
2) Thin skin in feathered areas (10 cells thick)
3) Dermis thinner than mammals
4) Comb and wattles thickened and heavily vascularied for increased arterio-venous anastomoses

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17
Q

Bird Brood patch

A

Breast of incubating birds
Thickened and heavily vascularized
Loss of feathers
Heat transfer to eggs

18
Q

Bird Beak

A

Keratinized structure

Grown continually

19
Q

Bird Spurs

A

Bony core and keratinized sheath
Especially in make chook and turkey
Develops after 6 months of age

20
Q

Bird Scales

A

Section of highly keratinized epidermis

21
Q

Bird Uropygial Gland (4)

A

1) Found at the dorsal surface of tail
2) 2 Lobes that open to single papilla
3) Tuft of feathers
4) Lipoid secretion (waterproofs and moisturizes feather/beak/scales)

22
Q

Pterylae

A

Feather arranged in well-defined and linear tracts

23
Q

Apteria

A

Featherless areas exist between the pterylae

24
Q

3 Types of Feathers

A

1) Contour feathers
2) Flight feathers
3) Down feathers

25
Contour Feathers
Covers most of the body Aerodynamics Protection
26
Flight Feathers
Larger and stiffer than contour feathers Flight feathers on the wings (Remiges) Flight feathers on the tail (Retrices)
27
Remiges
Flight feathers found on wings Primary: called "manus" Secondary: Called "ulna" (antebrachium)
28
Down feathers
Positioned between flight and contour feathers - insulation Chicks have natal down feathers
29
Bird Bones
Light but strong (high CaPO4 concent.) | Pneumatic bones
30
Pneumatic bones and examples
Bones with diverticula (invasions) of air sacks | Examples: Vertebrae, pelvis, sternum, costal bones, humerus, femer
31
Bird Skull
Evolved from diapsid reptilian skull - Enlarged cranium - Jaws toothless - Skull prokinetics
32
Skull prokinetics
Premaxilla and nasal bone from hinge with frontal bone | Upper jaw can be raised as lower jaw depressed
33
Bird Lungs
Lung site of gas exchange, not air sacks Unlobed 1/10th size of humans, just as heavy
34
Bird Air Sacks
Thin walled extensions of bronchi Blind-ending Key role in respiration but not gas exchange
35
Bird Heart and Circulatory system
``` Double circulation system Heart completely divided Higher metabolic rate than humans Higher blood pressure Chook: 350-470bpm Quail: 1000bpm ```
36
Double circulation system in birds
1) Pulmonary | 2) Systemic
37
Bird: Male Reproduction
Males have Phallus - tubercle on ventral wall of vent - Protrusible in ducks and geese At copulation: Vent everted in both sexes and phallus pressed to females cloaca
38
Bird: Female Reproduction
``` Left ovary and left oviduct Right ovary and oviduct regress in embryo Ovary contains large yolk-filled oocytes Oviduct is the site of fertilization Oviduct has 5 regions ```
39
Bird Ear
``` Similar to mammals External ear covered by covert feathers Middle ear similar to humans Contain tympanic membrane Inner ear similar to mammals ```
40
Bird: Brain
Proportionally small (exception corvids) Cerebellum: relatively large (coordination of muscle and balance during flight) Optic lobes: Very large
41
Most intelligent birds
Pigeons, Crows, and Parrots