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VETS1060 Veterinary Biology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

2 main approached to anatomy

A

1) Functional approach

2) Regional approach

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2
Q

Functional anatomy approach

A
  • based on functional systems
  • allows function to be considered
  • bridge to physiology “structure and function”
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3
Q

Regional anatomy approach

A
  • anatomy of specific regions (all structures)

- how you use anatomy in practice

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4
Q

Median plane

A

Divides the body into two longitudinal halves

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5
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides body into halves 90deg. to long axis

  • Down the centre of body
  • transverse plane and median plane are 90deg away from one another
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6
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Same as transverse plane but not down the centre of the body

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7
Q

Dorsal plane

A

Rare in practice

Whole body picture cutting animal into top and bottom

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8
Q

Axial vs Abaxial surfaces

A

Digits are perfect example
Abaxial = away from midline
Axial = closer to midline

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9
Q

Superficial/Deep (def)

A

Towards or away from the sirface of the body (usually the skin) or the surface of an organ or tissue

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10
Q

Visceral/Parietal

A
  • Visceral (on organs)
  • Parietal (membranes/nerves/”wall of”)
  • Parietal is associated with the body wall
  • Visceral refers to the organs within the thoracic and abdominal cavities
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11
Q

Supra- / Infra-

A 
Supra = above
Infra = below
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12
Q

Flexion/Extension

A

Specific to joints
Flexion: Decrease angle of joint
Extension: Increase angle of joint

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13
Q

Protraction/Retraction

A

Description of whole limb
Protraction: Limb moves cranially
Retraction: Limb moves caudally

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14
Q

Pronation/Supination

A

Describes paws/hands/hooves/etc.
Protraction: Palm down
Supination: Palm up

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15
Q

Abduction/Adduction

A

Abduction: Movement away from midline
Adduction: Movement towards midline

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16
Q

Organ system: Def.

A

Consist of multiple organs that combine to perform one primary function. Each organ in the system contributes to this overall function

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17
Q

Primary/secondary functions: Musculoskeletal systems

A

1st func.) Movement/locomotion

2nd func.) Support, protection, generate heat, calcium metabolism, haematopoiesis

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18
Q

Primary/secondary functions: Cardiovascular system

A

1st func.) Provide nutrition/oxygen to cells

2nd func.) Transport hormones, removal CO2, transport immune cells, temperature regulation

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19
Q

Primary/secondary functions: Nervous system

A

1st func.) Sensing enviro. and coordinating movement

2nd func.) thinking/decision making, regulation of many function (breathing, cardiac function, etc.)

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20
Q

Primary/secondary functions: Respiratory system

A

1st func.) Oxygenation of blood

2nd func.) Removal of CO2, control blood pH, olfaction, vocalization, thermoregulation

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21
Q

Primary/secondary functions: Urinary system

A

1st func.) Removal of waste, hydration levels

2nd func.) regulation Na, K, Cl in blood

22
Q

Primary/secondary functions: Reproductive system

A

1st func.) Reproduce

2nd func.) Sex hormones, sex traits, behaviour

23
Q

Primary/secondary functions: Digestive systems

A

1st func.) Provide nutrients to circulatory system

2nd func.) Excretion of waste, hydration maintenance, regulate balance of substances, territorial marking

24
Q

Primary/secondary functions: Integument

A

1st func.) Protect from outside world

2nd func.) Fighting and sex selection, locomotion, territorial marking, temperature regulation

25
Q

Primary/secondary functions: Immune system

A

1st func.) Fight foreign intrusions

2nd func.) Wound repair, fighting cancer

26
Q

Primary/secondary functions: Endocrine system

A

1st func.) signalling system

2nd func.) None

27
Q

Primary/secondary functions: Sensory system

A

Usually considered part of the nervous system
Eye: (sight, balance)
Ear: (hearing, balance)

28
Q

How many cervical vertebrae do ALL mammals have?

A

7

29
Q

Features of cervical vertebrae

A 
Small and irregular 
2 transverse foramen 
Flat articular processes
First 2 specialized (atlas and axis)
Always C1-C7
30
Q

Atlas

A

Holds up the world!! (C1)
No spinous process
2 Transverse processes

31
Q

Axis

A

C2
Very large spinous process
Small transverse process

32
Q

Features of Thoracic vertebrae

A

T-vertebrae
Tall spinous processes for muscle attachment
Attachment to the ribs

33
Q

Features of Lumbar vertebrae

A

L-vertebrae
Larger transverse processes
As you move away from cervical vertebrae movement becomes stiffer

34
Q

Sacrum

A

Fusion of 3 bones

Articulates with pelvis

35
Q

Caudal vertebrae

A

Very small transverse processes

Long and narrow bones

36
Q

Rib configuration in a dog

A

13 ribs:

  • 8 true ribs
  • 4 false ribs
  • 1 floating rib
37
Q

3 main structures within the sternum

A

1) Manubrium
2) Sternebra (many)
3) Xiphoid cartilage

38
Q

Pentadactyl limbs

A
  • 5 fingers - highly conserved across land species

- Thumb is most medial

39
Q

Number of bones as you move down limbs in classic Pentadactyl

A

(1) Humerus/femur
(2) Radius/ulna
(4) 2x4 carpals/tarsals
(5) metacarpals/metatarsals
(5) Proximal phalanges
(5) Middle phalanges
(4) Distal phalanges

40
Q

Number of bones as you move down limbs in Horses

A

(1) Humerus/femur
(2) Radius/ulna
(4) 2x4 carpals/tarsals
(3) metacarpals (fused)/metatarsals (fused)
(1) Proximal phalanges
(1) Middle phalanges
(1) Distal phalanges

41
Q

Scapula

A

Does not contain “human clavicle”
Contains scapular spine
Contains glenoid cavity

42
Q

Carpals/Tarsals

A

4 proximal carpals/tarsals

4 distal carpals/tarsals

43
Q

Numbering the digits

A 
(I) = thumb (most medial)
(II) = Pointer finger
(III) = Middle finger
(IV) = Ring finger
(V) = Pinky (most lateral)
44
Q

3 Proximal tarsals

A

1) Talus
2) Calcaneus
3) Centrale

45
Q

2 Types of moveable joints in the head

A

1) Temporo-mandibular joint

2) Tympano-hyoid joint

46
Q

Bones that make up the hard palate

A

2 Maxilla bone (Rostral)

2 Palatine bone (Caudal)

47
Q

Lacrimal bones

A

Very small
Contains small holes
Drains tears into nasal cavity

48
Q

Occipital bone

A

Back part of the head
Not a paired bone (single bone)
Caudal aspect of the head
Part of bone moves upward to innervate temporal bone

49
Q

Skull bones which are unpaired

A

Occipital bone

Sphenoid bone

50
Q

Sphenoid bone contains (2)

A

Optic canal

Orbital foramen

51
Q

Mandibles

A

Paired bones which are joined at the pallantine symphysis

Fissure symphysis break is the most common type of broken jaw

VETS1060 Veterinary Biology (17 decks)

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