Anatomy Flashcards
2 main approached to anatomy
1) Functional approach
2) Regional approach
Functional anatomy approach
- based on functional systems
- allows function to be considered
- bridge to physiology “structure and function”
Regional anatomy approach
- anatomy of specific regions (all structures)
- how you use anatomy in practice
Median plane
Divides the body into two longitudinal halves
Transverse plane
Divides body into halves 90deg. to long axis
- Down the centre of body
- transverse plane and median plane are 90deg away from one another
Sagittal plane
Same as transverse plane but not down the centre of the body
Dorsal plane
Rare in practice
Whole body picture cutting animal into top and bottom
Axial vs Abaxial surfaces
Digits are perfect example
Abaxial = away from midline
Axial = closer to midline
Superficial/Deep (def)
Towards or away from the sirface of the body (usually the skin) or the surface of an organ or tissue
Visceral/Parietal
- Visceral (on organs)
- Parietal (membranes/nerves/”wall of”)
- Parietal is associated with the body wall
- Visceral refers to the organs within the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Supra- / Infra-
Supra = above Infra = below
Flexion/Extension
Specific to joints
Flexion: Decrease angle of joint
Extension: Increase angle of joint
Protraction/Retraction
Description of whole limb
Protraction: Limb moves cranially
Retraction: Limb moves caudally
Pronation/Supination
Describes paws/hands/hooves/etc.
Protraction: Palm down
Supination: Palm up
Abduction/Adduction
Abduction: Movement away from midline
Adduction: Movement towards midline
Organ system: Def.
Consist of multiple organs that combine to perform one primary function. Each organ in the system contributes to this overall function
Primary/secondary functions: Musculoskeletal systems
1st func.) Movement/locomotion
2nd func.) Support, protection, generate heat, calcium metabolism, haematopoiesis
Primary/secondary functions: Cardiovascular system
1st func.) Provide nutrition/oxygen to cells
2nd func.) Transport hormones, removal CO2, transport immune cells, temperature regulation
Primary/secondary functions: Nervous system
1st func.) Sensing enviro. and coordinating movement
2nd func.) thinking/decision making, regulation of many function (breathing, cardiac function, etc.)
Primary/secondary functions: Respiratory system
1st func.) Oxygenation of blood
2nd func.) Removal of CO2, control blood pH, olfaction, vocalization, thermoregulation
Primary/secondary functions: Urinary system
1st func.) Removal of waste, hydration levels
2nd func.) regulation Na, K, Cl in blood
Primary/secondary functions: Reproductive system
1st func.) Reproduce
2nd func.) Sex hormones, sex traits, behaviour
Primary/secondary functions: Digestive systems
1st func.) Provide nutrients to circulatory system
2nd func.) Excretion of waste, hydration maintenance, regulate balance of substances, territorial marking
Primary/secondary functions: Integument
1st func.) Protect from outside world
2nd func.) Fighting and sex selection, locomotion, territorial marking, temperature regulation
Primary/secondary functions: Immune system
1st func.) Fight foreign intrusions
2nd func.) Wound repair, fighting cancer
Primary/secondary functions: Endocrine system
1st func.) signalling system
2nd func.) None
Primary/secondary functions: Sensory system
Usually considered part of the nervous system
Eye: (sight, balance)
Ear: (hearing, balance)
How many cervical vertebrae do ALL mammals have?
7
Features of cervical vertebrae
Small and irregular 2 transverse foramen Flat articular processes First 2 specialized (atlas and axis) Always C1-C7
Atlas
Holds up the world!! (C1)
No spinous process
2 Transverse processes
Axis
C2
Very large spinous process
Small transverse process
Features of Thoracic vertebrae
T-vertebrae
Tall spinous processes for muscle attachment
Attachment to the ribs
Features of Lumbar vertebrae
L-vertebrae
Larger transverse processes
As you move away from cervical vertebrae movement becomes stiffer
Sacrum
Fusion of 3 bones
Articulates with pelvis
Caudal vertebrae
Very small transverse processes
Long and narrow bones
Rib configuration in a dog
13 ribs:
- 8 true ribs
- 4 false ribs
- 1 floating rib
3 main structures within the sternum
1) Manubrium
2) Sternebra (many)
3) Xiphoid cartilage
Pentadactyl limbs
- 5 fingers - highly conserved across land species
- Thumb is most medial
Number of bones as you move down limbs in classic Pentadactyl
(1) Humerus/femur
(2) Radius/ulna
(4) 2x4 carpals/tarsals
(5) metacarpals/metatarsals
(5) Proximal phalanges
(5) Middle phalanges
(4) Distal phalanges
Number of bones as you move down limbs in Horses
(1) Humerus/femur
(2) Radius/ulna
(4) 2x4 carpals/tarsals
(3) metacarpals (fused)/metatarsals (fused)
(1) Proximal phalanges
(1) Middle phalanges
(1) Distal phalanges
Scapula
Does not contain “human clavicle”
Contains scapular spine
Contains glenoid cavity
Carpals/Tarsals
4 proximal carpals/tarsals
4 distal carpals/tarsals
Numbering the digits
(I) = thumb (most medial) (II) = Pointer finger (III) = Middle finger (IV) = Ring finger (V) = Pinky (most lateral)
3 Proximal tarsals
1) Talus
2) Calcaneus
3) Centrale
2 Types of moveable joints in the head
1) Temporo-mandibular joint
2) Tympano-hyoid joint
Bones that make up the hard palate
2 Maxilla bone (Rostral)
2 Palatine bone (Caudal)
Lacrimal bones
Very small
Contains small holes
Drains tears into nasal cavity
Occipital bone
Back part of the head
Not a paired bone (single bone)
Caudal aspect of the head
Part of bone moves upward to innervate temporal bone
Skull bones which are unpaired
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Sphenoid bone contains (2)
Optic canal
Orbital foramen
Mandibles
Paired bones which are joined at the pallantine symphysis
Fissure symphysis break is the most common type of broken jaw
