Evolution

Question 1

5 “Era’s” of Life

Answer 1

1) Primordial Era
2) Stelliferous Era
3) Degenerate Era
4) Black Hole Era
5) Dark Era

Question 2

Which “era” do we live in

Answer 2

Stelliferous Era

Question 3

Stelliferous Era

Answer 3

• stars rule the night
• 10^3 years old - expected to last another 1 trillion years
• main star (sun) expected to last another trillion years

Question 4

2 Theories associated with the start of life

Answer 4

1) Big bang theory

2) Cosmic radiation theory (CRD)

Question 5

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 5

• matter cannot be created or destroyed

- What we had 13.8 billion years ago we still have now

Question 6

Niche

Answer 6

organisms that live in an environment and are able to successfully reproduce

Question 7

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 7

one species gets wiped out (astroid, volcano, etc.) which allows another species to flourish AND CREATE NEW SPECIES
Ex) homonids during dinosaur era

Question 8

7 Main Periods

Answer 8

1) Ordivian period
2) Silunian period
3) Devonian period
4) Carboniferous period
5) Permian period
6) Triassic period
7) Crustacious period

Question 9

Ordivian period

Answer 9

Photosynthesisers started moving out of the ocean

Question 10

Silunian period

Answer 10

dominated by arthropods

Question 11

Devonian period

Answer 11

• earth mainly composed of plants
• vertebrates became land dwellers
• major extinction

Question 12

Carboniferous period

Answer 12

Amphibians starting to fill coastal niches

Question 13

Permian period

Answer 13

Ancestors of humans

Extinction: Volcanos in Siberia

Question 14

Triassic Period

Answer 14

Giant reptiles

Extinction: Volcanos/meteorite impact

Question 15

Crustaceous period

Answer 15

What most people think of when they think of dinosaurs

Extinction: Astroid

Question 16

Timeline of Earth’s formation

Answer 16

4.5Bya: Formation of planet earth
3.5Bya: Prokaryotes arrived
1.6Bya: Eukaryotes arrived
510Mya: Vertebrates appeared
420Mya: Land plants/coral reef produced
350Mya: Water vertebrates invade land
230Mya: Age of dinosaurs
65Mya: Meteor impact
45Mya: Modern day mammals appeared

Question 17

LECA

Answer 17

Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor

Question 18

Phylogenetic Tree

Answer 18

Common classification system with 8 categories

- made by Linnaeus

Question 19

Proper way of classifying organisms

_______ + _______

Answer 19

Genus + Species

Question 20

Phylogenetic Tree Categories (8)

Answer 20

1) Species
2) Genus
3) Family
4) Order
5) Class
6) Phylum
7) Kingdom
8) Domain (3)

Question 21

3 Subgroups of Domains

Answer 21

(BAE)

1) Bacteria
2) Archaea
3) Eukaryotes (4)

Question 22

4 Subgroups of Eukaryotes

Answer 22

(FAPP)

1) Fungi
2) Animals
3) Plants
4) Protista

Question 23

Difference between Fungi and Plants (1)

Answer 23

Plants Fungi

- Cellulose - Chitin

Question 24

Example of Natural Selection (2)

Answer 24

1) White moths before the industrial revolution, Black moths after (due to soot causing trees to become black
2) Darwins Finches

Question 25

Darwins Theories (2)

Answer 25

1) Theory of Natural Selection | 2) Relative Fitness

Question 26

Natural selection (4)

Answer 26

1) Variation of phenotypes 2) Heritable 3) Struggle for existence 4) Survival and reproduction rates

Question 27

Four modes of selection

Answer 27

1) Directional Selection 2) Disruptive Selection 3) Sexual Selection 4) Artificial Selection

Question 28

Directional Selection

Answer 28

- Strong genetics (white of black) - Leads to change in frequency in pop. - FAVOURS ONE TRAIT OVER THE OTHER

Question 29

Disruptive Selection

Answer 29

- 2 Traits are being selected for

Question 30

Sexual Selection

Answer 30

- Struggles between individuals of the same sex for mating privileges - survival = reproductive rights

Question 31

Artificial Selection

Answer 31

Choosing genetics you want - Golden Rice - Designer Dogs breeds - Plants with polychromacy

Question 32

Fitness

Answer 32

Relative ability of individuals to survive and reproduce offspring

Question 33

Homologous Structures

Answer 33

Traits which have similar structures but different functions | EX) Whale fin and Bird Wing

Question 34

Mendel

Answer 34

- Father of Heredity and modern genetics | - Punnet square (1:2:1) or (9:3:3:1)

Question 35

Somatic Cells

Answer 35

Every cell in the body except for sex cells | Diploid (2n)

Question 36

Sex (germ) cells

Answer 36

(n) instead of diploid (2n)

Question 37

Sex Linked Inheritance

Answer 37

Male: XY Female: XX

Question 38

Evolution definition

Answer 38

Change in allele frequency over time

Question 39

5 factors affecting allele frequency

Answer 39

1) Natural Selection 2) Sexual Selection (non-random mating) 3) Mutation 4) Genetic Drift 5) Gene Flow (immigration/emigration)

Question 40

Hardy Weingberg Equation

Answer 40

``` P = dominant allele Q = recessive allele p+q = 1 ``` (p + q)^2 = (p^2 + 2pq + q^2) = 1

Question 41

Allopatric Speciation

Answer 41

- Changes in phenotype due to a specific barrier (ex, river) | - Previously same species diverged enough that they can no longer reproduce