Evolution Flashcards
5 “Era’s” of Life
1) Primordial Era
2) Stelliferous Era
3) Degenerate Era
4) Black Hole Era
5) Dark Era
Which “era” do we live in
Stelliferous Era
Stelliferous Era
- stars rule the night
- 10^3 years old - expected to last another 1 trillion years
- main star (sun) expected to last another trillion years
2 Theories associated with the start of life
1) Big bang theory
2) Cosmic radiation theory (CRD)
1st Law of Thermodynamics
- matter cannot be created or destroyed
- What we had 13.8 billion years ago we still have now
Niche
organisms that live in an environment and are able to successfully reproduce
Adaptive Radiation
one species gets wiped out (astroid, volcano, etc.) which allows another species to flourish AND CREATE NEW SPECIES
Ex) homonids during dinosaur era
7 Main Periods
1) Ordivian period
2) Silunian period
3) Devonian period
4) Carboniferous period
5) Permian period
6) Triassic period
7) Crustacious period
Ordivian period
Photosynthesisers started moving out of the ocean
Silunian period
dominated by arthropods
Devonian period
- earth mainly composed of plants
- vertebrates became land dwellers
- major extinction
Carboniferous period
Amphibians starting to fill coastal niches
Permian period
Ancestors of humans
Extinction: Volcanos in Siberia
Triassic Period
Giant reptiles
Extinction: Volcanos/meteorite impact
Crustaceous period
What most people think of when they think of dinosaurs
Extinction: Astroid
Timeline of Earth’s formation
4.5Bya: Formation of planet earth
3.5Bya: Prokaryotes arrived
1.6Bya: Eukaryotes arrived
510Mya: Vertebrates appeared
420Mya: Land plants/coral reef produced
350Mya: Water vertebrates invade land
230Mya: Age of dinosaurs
65Mya: Meteor impact
45Mya: Modern day mammals appeared
LECA
Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor
Phylogenetic Tree
Common classification system with 8 categories
- made by Linnaeus
Proper way of classifying organisms
_______ + _______
Genus + Species
Phylogenetic Tree Categories (8)
1) Species
2) Genus
3) Family
4) Order
5) Class
6) Phylum
7) Kingdom
8) Domain (3)
3 Subgroups of Domains
(BAE)
1) Bacteria
2) Archaea
3) Eukaryotes (4)
4 Subgroups of Eukaryotes
(FAPP)
1) Fungi
2) Animals
3) Plants
4) Protista
Difference between Fungi and Plants (1)
Plants Fungi
- Cellulose - Chitin
Example of Natural Selection (2)
1) White moths before the industrial revolution, Black moths after (due to soot causing trees to become black
2) Darwins Finches
Darwins Theories (2)
1) Theory of Natural Selection
2) Relative Fitness
Natural selection (4)
1) Variation of phenotypes
2) Heritable
3) Struggle for existence
4) Survival and reproduction rates
Four modes of selection
1) Directional Selection
2) Disruptive Selection
3) Sexual Selection
4) Artificial Selection
Directional Selection
- Strong genetics (white of black)
- Leads to change in frequency in pop.
- FAVOURS ONE TRAIT OVER THE OTHER
Disruptive Selection
- 2 Traits are being selected for
Sexual Selection
- Struggles between individuals of the same sex for mating privileges
- survival = reproductive rights
Artificial Selection
Choosing genetics you want
- Golden Rice
- Designer Dogs breeds
- Plants with polychromacy
Fitness
Relative ability of individuals to survive and reproduce offspring
Homologous Structures
Traits which have similar structures but different functions
EX) Whale fin and Bird Wing
Mendel
- Father of Heredity and modern genetics
- Punnet square (1:2:1) or (9:3:3:1)
Somatic Cells
Every cell in the body except for sex cells
Diploid (2n)
Sex (germ) cells
(n) instead of diploid (2n)
Sex Linked Inheritance
Male: XY
Female: XX
Evolution definition
Change in allele frequency over time
5 factors affecting allele frequency
1) Natural Selection
2) Sexual Selection (non-random mating)
3) Mutation
4) Genetic Drift
5) Gene Flow (immigration/emigration)
Hardy Weingberg Equation
P = dominant allele Q = recessive allele p+q = 1
(p + q)^2 = (p^2 + 2pq + q^2) = 1
Allopatric Speciation
- Changes in phenotype due to a specific barrier (ex, river)
- Previously same species diverged enough that they can no longer reproduce
