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VETS1060 Veterinary Biology > Invertebrates > Flashcards

Invertebrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Animals are part of the clade:

Closest relative

A

Opisthokonts

Closest relative: Choanoflagellates

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2
Q

Early milestones in animal diversification

A

Oldest animal fossil: 575Mya

DNA divergence: Suggest 850 Mya

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3
Q

When did most species arise?

A

Cambrian explosion: 542-525 Mya

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4
Q

Mal’s favourite

A

Hallucigenia
Spined worm
Similar to our velvet worm today

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5
Q

4 branches of phylogenetic tree

A

1) Parazoa
2) Eumetazoa
3) Lophotrochozoa
4) Ecdysozoa

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6
Q

Clade Porifera

A 
Part of Parazoa
"Pore-bearers" - sponges
Multicellular, lack true tissue
Filter/suspension feeders
Asexual/sexual reproduction 
Vet significance: Drug discovery
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7
Q

Poriferan structure

A 
Sponge structure
Water diffuses through membrane
Contains Choanocycts 
Engulf by phagocytosis 
Water movement out the top
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8
Q

Choanocysts

A

Create a current that draws water in through the porocytes

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9
Q

Clade Eumetazoa divided into 2 clades

A

1) Radiata

2) Bilateria

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10
Q

Radial Symmetry

A
  • Many surgical plane forms symmetry

- Cutting oral to anus in many planes will all form symmetry

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11
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A
  • Only 1 surgical plane forms symmetry
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12
Q

Example of Radial Symmetry

A

Phylum Cnidarians “nettle animals”

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13
Q

Cnidarians are: (4)

A
  • true tissues
  • Radial symmetry
  • diploblastic
  • all venomous
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14
Q

Cnidarias diploblastic tissue (2)

A

1) Epidermis (ectoderm)

2) Gastrodermis (endoderm)

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15
Q

What type of gastrovascular cavity do Cnidarians have?

A

Blind gastrovascular tract

- mouth doesn’t open to anus

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16
Q

Compare/contrast gastrointestinal tract of sponges, cnidarians, animals

A

Sponges: have spongocoel - cavity containing seal water

Cnidarians: Simple gastro-tract surrounded by tentacles

Animals: Contain have gastrointestinal tract

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17
Q

Cnidocil

A

Stinging sites: spikes on the outer surface which is a trigger for cnidocyte

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18
Q

Cnidocyte

A

stinging portion which discharges threat to attach predator

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19
Q

4 clades of Cnidarian Diversity

A

[CASH]

1) Cubozoa
2) Anthozoa
3) Scyphozoa
4) Hydrozoa

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20
Q

Cubozoa

A
  • hydrozoans

- poly dominant

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21
Q

Anthozoa

A
  • Anemones and corals

- Sessile polyps

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22
Q

Scyphozoa

A
  • Jellyfish

- Medusa dominant

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23
Q

Why were Hydrozoa (hydra) used as a model?

A

1) Regeneration of tissue
2) Asexual reproduction by budding
3) Staining of live tissue
4) Eyeless animals can respond to light

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24
Q

Box Jellyfish

A
  • ambush predator
  • highly venomous (neurotoxin)
  • lethal to humans
  • nematocysts fire on contact with skin

Treatment: Vinegar to disable nematocysts

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25
Q

Bilateria has allowed for (2)

A

1) Forward, directed movements

2) Cephalization

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26
Q

Cephalization

A

Formation of a head region
Results in:
1) sensory structures
- can respond to environmental gradients

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27
Q

Are bilateria monoblastic, diblastic, or triploblastic organisms

A

Triploblastic

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28
Q

Triploblastic

A

Ectoderm (outside)
Mesoderm (Middle)
Endoderm (inside)

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29
Q

Are Cnidaria monoblastic, diploblastic, or triploblastic?

A

Diploblastic

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30
Q

Ectoderm

A

Brain, nerves, peripheral nerves

Skin, hair, nails, mouth lining, tooth enamel

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31
Q

Mesoderm

A

Kidneys, gonads, circulatory system, muscles, notochord, and body cavity

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32
Q

Endoderm

A

Lining of GI tract, respiratory tubes, liver, pancreas

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33
Q

Clades of Bilateria

A

1) Lophotrochozoa
2) Ecdysozoa
3) Deuterostomia

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34
Q

Phyla of Lophotrochozoa (4)

A

[PAAM]

1) Platyhelminths
2) Annelida
3) Acanthocephela
4) Mollusca

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35
Q

4 classes of Platyhelminths

A

[CTTM]

1) Cestoda
2) Trematoda
3) Turbellaria
4) Monogenea

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36
Q

Turbellaria

A

Class of Platyhelminths

  • Free living
  • commensal
  • some parasitic
  • ciliated epidermis for locomotion
  • acoelomate
  • Excretory system - Protonephridial
37
Q

Protonephridial system

A
  • waste material drains from body to excretory cells called flame cells
38
Q

Metanephridia system

A
  • filtrate is filtered from blood in special filtration sites (ex, kidney)
39
Q

Planaria

A
  • models for regeneration
  • worm contain 279 pieces - each can regenerate an entire worm
  • each cell is a neuroblast - can develop onto many different tissues
40
Q

Syncytial

A

Cells have merged to form a super-cell, but contain many nuclei

41
Q

Flukes and Tapeworms are aways (1)

A

Parasitic/commensal organisms

42
Q

Monogenea

A

Parasites of Fish
Obligate ecto-parasites
Life cycle: Eggs laid on host, fall off host, hatch, larvae seeks new host

43
Q

Gyrodactylus

A

Russian doll life cycle
Only gives rise to 2-4 offspring
Offspring already contained within parent

44
Q

Trematoda

A 
Class of platyhelminths
obligate parasites 
Adults live in intestine 
- attach to mucosal wall 
Hermaphroditic 
Complex life cycle with 2 or more hosts
45
Q

Fasciola hepatica

A

Trematoda
Fluke of sheet, cattle, grazing animals, us
Liver fluke
Anaemia due to blood sucking nature

46
Q

Fasciola hepatica life cycle

A

1) Eggs pass in faeces
2) (Larval stage) Miracidium in water passed to snail
3) Sporocysts, redia, cercaria by Asex, repro.
4) Encystment (metacercaria)
5) Eaten by host (ex, sheep)

47
Q

How do Fasciola hepatica and Schistosomes differ?

A

Fasciola: Hermaphroditic
Schistosomes: 2 different sexes (dioecious)

48
Q

Similarities between Fasciola and Schistosomes

A

1) Both infect snails as intermediate hosts

2) Change in larval stages due to asexual reproduction

49
Q

Cestoda

A 
Tapeworms
Parasite of SI
Class of Platyhelminths 
No mouth, digestive tract, or anus
Repro. system replicated as chain
50
Q

5 structures of Cestodes

A

1) Scolex
2) Neck
3) Immature proglottids
4) Mature proglottids
5) Gravid proglottids
6) Strobila

51
Q

Examples of tapeworms

A 
Taenia Sagitta (cows)
Taenia Solium (pigs)
52
Q

Life cycle of tapewors

A

1) Gravid proglottids leave host in faeces
2) Intermediate host ingests
3) Cysts in intermediate host muscle / larval scolex attaches
4) Definitive host eats infected intermediate host

53
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

A
  • class Cestodes of Platyhelminth phylum
  • Hydatid tapeworm
  • Hermaphroditic
  • Definitive host: dog, dingo, fox
  • Intermediate host: sheep, cow, marsupials, humans
  • Transmission: through ingestion of hydatid cysts
54
Q

Clade Lophotrochozoans contains four phylums

A

1) Playhelminths (no body cavity)
2) Mollusca (body cavity)
3) Annelida (body cavity)
4) Acanthocephala

55
Q

3 types of body cavities

A

1) Acoelomate
2) Coelomate
3) Pseudocoelomate

56
Q

Acoelomate

A

No body cavity

Body is solid

57
Q

Coelomate

A 
Fluid filled cavity lies between gut and body wall 
Lined by mesoderm on both sides
1) Separate control of organs 
2) Circulatory system - larger size 
3) Greater body complexity
58
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

Intermediate form of body structure

Lined by mesoderm on one side only

59
Q

Examples of Acoelomate, coelomate, and pseudocoelomate

A

Acoelomate: Platyhelminths
Coelomate: Annelids, Mollusca
Pseudocoelomate: Nematoda

60
Q 
Annelida are (segmented/non-segmented)
Example: (1)
A

Segmented

Example) Leaches

61
Q

What are two benefits of segmentation in annelids?

A

1) Better control of body secretions

2) Diversification

62
Q

Benefits of having body cavity

A

Coelomate

1) separate movement of body wall and organs
2) space for complex organs
3) storage for eggs and sperm
4) coelomic fluid protects internal organs
5) circulatory function and oxygen movement
6) wate removal
7) function as hydrostatic skeleton

63
Q

Phylum Acanthocephala

A

Part of clade locotrophozoans
“thorny headed worms”
All parasitic
No gastrointestinal tract (acoelomate)

Intermediate hosts: Arthropods
Definitive hosts: Vertebrate

64
Q

Life cycle of Acanthocephala

A

1) Eggs passed in faeces
2) Eggs ingested by beetle larvae
3) Pig ingests beetle larvae
4) Adult parasite lives in SI of Pig

Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceous

65
Q

Clade Ecdysozoans contains 2 phylums

A

1) Nematoda

2) Arthropda

66
Q

What does Ecdys- mean?

A
  • shedding exoskeleton
67
Q

Nematoda

A 
Roundworms 
Psuedocoelomate body cavity
Longitudinal muscles only
No respiratory/circulatory system
Non-segmented, cylindrical body
Internal transport via body fluid
Complete gut  - separate mouth/anus 
Dioecious
68
Q

Dioecious

A

Seperate male and female individuals

Organism only contains male or female reproductive structures

69
Q

Are Nematoday monoblastic, diblastic, or triploblastic?

A

Triploblastic

Psuedocoelomate body cavity

70
Q

How do Nematodes grow?

A

Grow through moulting

Egg, 4 larval stages, adult

71
Q

What allows Nematodes to be great parasites?

A
  • very thick cuticle

- Cuticle has capacity to correct itself

72
Q

What is the model organism for Nematodes?

A

C. elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans

73
Q

C. elegans

A

Model organism of nematodes
Few cell types
First multicellular organisms to be sequenced
959 somatic cells in adult hermaphrodite

74
Q

Important nematodes (2)

A

Nematodes - Roundworms

1) C. elegans
2) Haemonchus contortus
3) Ascarids

75
Q

Types of Ascarids (4)

A

Ascarids = roundworms

1) Ascaris suum (pigs)
2) Ascaris lumbercoides (humans)
3) ParAscaris equi (horses)
4) Toxocara canis (dogs)

76
Q

Types of Hookworms (2)

A

Hookworms are nematodes - roundworms

1) Ancylostoma caninum (dog/human hookworm)
2) Necator americanus (human)

77
Q

General Ascarid information

A

Large intestinal worm
Occlude intestine
Females lay desiccation resistant eggs

78
Q

Parascaris equorum

A

1) eggs in faeces
2) eggs ingested my horse
3) larvae hatch in SI
4) Larvae burry into SI wall, find blood ves.
5) Migrate to Lungs
6) Burst through alveoli to Trachea
7) Swallowed once in trachea
8) Adults live in SI
9) Eggs in faeces

79
Q

What are the effects of Parascaris on equine host? (5)

A

1) Pneumonia due to migrating larvae
2) Loss of energy
3) Colic
4) Intestinal perforation
5) Intestinal obstruction

80
Q

Pinworms

A

Enterobius vermicularis - humans

Oxyuris equi - horses

81
Q

Dog Heartworm

A

Dirofilaria immitis

82
Q

Dirofilaria immitus

A

Dog heartworm
Adult worms: live in the right side of heart and pulmonary artery
Also found in cats
Cause immune associated problems

83
Q

Dog Heartworm lifecycle

A

Dirofilaria immitis

1) Microfilaria (L1’s) are ingested by mosquito
2) Mosquito transmits vector with blood mean
3) L1’s develop into L3’s in muscle in mosquito
4) L3’s migrate to mosquito salivary gland
5) Bite host

84
Q

What is the infective agent in dog heartworm

A

Dirofilaria immitis
Microfilaria (L3’s) are infective agent
L3’s are in mosquito salivary gland

85
Q

Lymphatic filariasis is caused by

A

Wuchereria bancrofti - causes elaphantitis in humans

  • enlargement of the legs (edoema)
  • enlargement of the scrotum (edoema)
86
Q

What are three different types of muscle parasites?

A

1) Taenia sagitta (cows)
2) Taenia solium (pigs)
3) Trichinella spiralis (pigs)

87
Q

Trichinella spiralis

A

muscle worm in pigs

intracellular parasite

88
Q

Trichinella spiralis life cycle

A

1) ingestion of undercooked meat
2) Larvae released into SI
3) Adults in SI
4) Larvae deposited in mucosa
5) Encyst larvae in muscle of host

VETS1060 Veterinary Biology (17 decks)

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