Silk- Human Development I and II

Question 1

The origins of the study of human development was in 1700s, but was strongly influenced by the work of .

Answer 1

Charles Darwin.

Question 2

match Physical, Cognitive, Psychosocial-Psychological, Emotional

1. (bones, organs, motor skills, neurological development)
2. (visuospatial, reading, language, calculation)
3. (boundaries, sense of self-other, self regulation, frustration tolerance)
4. (temperament, mood, bonding, trust, empathy)

Answer 2

1. Physical
2. Cognitive
3. Psychosocial-Psychological
4. Emotional

Question 3

What is Human behavior develops within the context of our environments.?

Answer 3

Epigenetics

Question 4

What is the orderly unfolding of certain patterns of behavior, such as language acquisition or walking, in accordance with genetic blueprints?

Answer 4

Maturation

Question 5

Maturation, This determined sequence, occurs even if children are not encouraged to sit, crawl, or walk.

Answer 5

biologically

Question 6

Periods are times in the developmental sequence during which an organism must experience certain kinds of social or sensory experiences in order for normal development to take place.

Answer 6

Critical

Question 7

If proper experiences are not provided at the right time, later experiences will/ will not be able to make up for earlier deficiencies.

Answer 7

will not

Question 8

What is the process by which certain infant animals, such as ducklings, learn to follow or approach the first moving object they see? (Lorenz)

Answer 8

Imprinting

Question 9

Children are biologically hardwired to form attachments with a caregiver to aid in survival (evolutionary perspective) - Bowlby called this

Answer 9

monotropy.

Question 10

What theory is the continual disruption of the attachment between infant and primary caregiver could cause long-term cognitive, social, and emotional difficulties for that infant.

Answer 10

Maternal deprivation theory

Question 11

Which Ainsworth attachment style?

avoids or ignores the caregiver, little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns. The child will not explore.

Answer 11

Anxious-Avoidant Insecure Attachment

Question 12

Which Ainsworth attachment style?

• explores freely while the caregiver is present, uses parent as a ‘safe base’ from which to explore. Child will interact with the stranger when the caregiver is present, and will be visibly upset when the caregiver departs but happy to see the caregiver on his or her return.

Answer 12

Secure Attachment

Question 13

Which Ainsworth attachment style?

distress even before separation, clingy and difficult to comfort on the caregiver’s return.

Answer 13

Anxious-Resistant Insecure Attachment

Question 14

Human development psychological theories fall into which two broad perspectives:

Answer 14

continuous and stage development

Question 15

Psychologists who emphasize the role of learning have tended to view development as a gradual, process.

Answer 15

continuous

Question 16

What is a psychological perspective that emphasizes learning (key figures Skinner, Watson, Thorndyke)?

Answer 16

Behaviorism

Question 17

What psychological perspective is being described:

The mechanisms that govern development are relatively constant throughout a person’s life. Individuals accumulate experiences and development is seen as a quantitative (measurable) change. The only important difference between young people and those that are older is the latter have experienced more in life, therefore may know more.

Answer 17

Behaviorism

Question 18

Psychologists who emphasize maturation view development as a discontinuous process that occurs in a series of steps or

Answer 18

stages

Question 19

Jean Piaget ,Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson were all which type of psychology theorist?

Answer 19

Stage theorists

Question 20

Stage theorists are inclined to interpret the differences between children and adults as being quantitative/ qualitative in nature (differences due to distinctions in the kind and nature of experiences)?

Answer 20

qualitative

Question 21

Piaget’s schema of cognitive development is characterized by a move toward adaptation.

Answer 21

stepwise

Question 22

What is the integration of external events?

Answer 22

Assimilation

Question 23

What is the tendency to adapt to a particular environmental event.?

Answer 23

accommodation

Question 24

What are the 4 stages of Piaget’s Stage theory of Cognitive Development?

Answer 24

Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete operational

Formal operational

Question 25

Which stage of development is being described:

Infants are dependent on their sensory and skills in attempting to understand their world.

These interactions are known as circular reactions and are a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat a chance event caused by their own motor activity.

Object permanence is the hallmark of this stage - the child understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be sensed. (Berk, 2004)

Answer 25

Sensorimotor: Birth to ages 18-24 months

Question 26

During what time period is Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

Answer 26

18-24 months

Question 27

Which stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is being described:

The child’s beginning to use symbols, understanding tasks of conservation and showing progressions from centrism to decentrism and from egocentric thinking to perspective taking.

Period of language development.

Symbolic thinking is a hallmark of this stage - a child in the preoperational stage is capable of taking an item and allowing it to represent something.

Answer 27

Preoperational: Toddlerhood (18-24 months) through early childhood (age 7)

Question 28

What is the time period of Piaget’s preoperational stage?

Answer 28

Toddlerhood (18-24 months) through early childhood (age 7)

Question 29

Which stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development is described:

Characterized by the development of organized and rational thinking.

Piaget (1954) considered the concrete stage a major turning point in the child’s cognitive development, because it marks the beginning of logical or operational thought. The child is now mature enough to use logical thought or operations (i.e. rules) but can only apply logic to physical objects (hence concrete operational).

Hallmark skill is the acquisition of conservation.

Answer 29

Concrete operational: Ages 7 to 11 years

Question 30

What is the time period for Piaget’s conctrete operational stage?

Answer 30

Ages 7 to 11 years

Question 31

What stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development is being described?

The child gains the ability to think in an abstract manner by manipulating ideas in their head, without any dependence on concrete manipulation (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958).

The child can do mathematical calculations, think creatively, use abstract reasoning, and imagine the outcome of particular actions.

Third Eye Question

Answer 31

Formal operational: Adolescence to adulthood

Question 32

What time period is Piaget’s formal operational stage?

Answer 32

Adolescence to adulthood

Question 33

What 3 parts could the human psyche be divided: according to Freud?

Answer 33

Id - Pleasure Principle Ego

• Reality Principle Super Ego
• Morality Principle

Question 34

The three parts of the human psyche: Id - Pleasure Principle Ego - Reality Principle Super Ego - Morality Principle, is driven by what?

Answer 34

libido

Question 35

What principle represents Id, Ego, and Super Ego (Freud)?

Answer 35

Pleasure Principle

• Reality Principle

Morality Principl

Question 36

What are the 3 types of anxiety described by Freud?

Answer 36

neurotic, reality, and moral anxiety

Question 37

According to Freud, what type of anxiety is being described;

the unconscious worry that we will lose control of the id’s urges, resulting in punishment for inappropriate behavior.

Answer 37

neurotic anxiety

Question 38

According to Freud, what type of anxiety is being described;

fear of real-world events. The cause of this anxiety is usually easily identified. For example, a person might fear receiving a dog bite when they are near a menacing dog. The most common way of reducing this anxiety is to avoid the threatening object.

Answer 38

reality anxiety

Question 39

According to Freud, what type of anxiety is being described;

involves a fear of violating our own moral principles

Answer 39

Moral anxiety

Question 40

Descirbe each of Freud’s Psychosexual stages of development:

name, age group, and characteristics

Answer 40

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Question 41

According to Freud, what is fixation?

Answer 41

persistent focus of the ids’s pleasure-seeking energies at an early stage of psychosexual development

Question 42

What defense mechanism is the long-term reversion of the ego to an earlier stage of development?

Answer 42

regression

Question 43

What is another name for Erik Erikson’s 8 theoretical stages of development?

Answer 43

virtues

Question 44

Which one of Erik Erikson’s 8 theoretical developmental stages is being described:

Can I trust the world?

Erikson - the most fundamental stage of life.

Not merely a matter of nurture, but includes strong social components and the quality of the maternal relationship. Important part is providing stable and constant care of the infant. This helps the child develop trust that can transition into relationships other than parental. If successful in this, the baby develops a sense of trust, which “forms the basis in the child for a sense of identity.”

Failure to develop this trust will result in a feeling of fear and a sense that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable.

Answer 44

Hope, Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust: 0-18 months

Question 45

What age group experiences Erik Erikson’s Hope, Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust:

Answer 45

0-18 months

Question 46

Which one of Erik Erikson’s 8 theoretical developmental stages is being described:

Is it okay to be me?

Child begins to discover the beginnings of independence - parents doing basic tasks “all by themselves.” Discouragement can lead to the child doubting their efficacy.

The child is usually trying to master toilet training. The child discovers his talents or abilities - important to ensure the child is able to explore those activities.

Erikson states it is essential to allow the children freedom in exploration but also welcome failures - parent should not punish or reprimand the child for failing at tasks. Shame and doubt occurs when the child feels incompetent in ability to complete task and survive. Will is achieved with success of the stage. Children successful in this stage will have “self-control without a loss of self-esteem.”

Answer 46

Will, Autonomy vs. Shame: 1–3 years old

Question 47

What age group experiences Erik Erikson’s Will, Autonomy vs. Shame:

Answer 47

: 1–3 years old

Question 48

Which one of Erik Erikson’s 8 theoretical developmental stages is being described:

Is it okay for me to do, move, and act?

Does the child have the ability to do things on their own, such as getting dressed by themselves?

Children in this stage are interacting with peers, and creating their own games and activities. If allowed to make these decisions, the child will develop confidence in her ability to lead others. If the child is not allowed to make certain decisions the sense of guilt develops.

Children in this stage ask a lot of questions to build knowledge of the world. If the questions earn responses that are critical and condescending, the child will also develop feelings of guilt.

Guilt in this stage is characterized by a sense of being a burden to others, and the child will interact with others as a follower. Success in this stage leads to the virtue of purpose.

Answer 48

Purpose, Initiative vs. Guilt: 3–5 years

Question 49

Which age group experiences Erik Erikson’s Purpose, Initiative vs. Guilt:

Answer 49

3–5 years

Question 50

Which one of Erik Erikson’s 8 theoretical developmental stages is being described:

Can I make it in the world of people and things?

Child comparing self-worth to others, typically in school or with friends. Child can recognize major disparities in personal abilities relative to other children.

Erikson places some emphasis on the teacher, who should ensure that children do not feel inferior. During this stage the child’s friend group increases in importance in his life. Often during this stage the child will try to prove competency with things rewarded in society, and also develop satisfaction with his abilities.

Encouraging the child increases feelings of adequacy and competency in ability to reach goals. Restriction from teachers or parents leads to doubt, questioning, and reluctance in abilities and therefore may not reach full capabilities.

Competence is the virtue of this stage.

Answer 50

Competence, Industry vs. Inferiority: 6–11 year

Question 51

What age group experiences Erik Erikson’s Competence, Industry vs. Inferiority:

Answer 51

6–11 year

Question 52

Which one of Erik Erikson’s 8 theoretical developmental stages is being described:

Who am I? Who can I be?

Questioning of self. Who am I, how do I fit in? Where am I going in life? The adolescent is exploring and seeking for her own unique identity. Remember your jock/emo/goth/skater/theater stage in high school?

This is done by looking at personal beliefs, goals, and values. The morality of the individual is also explored and developed.

Erikson believes that if the parents allow the child to explore, they will determine their own identity. If parents continually push to conform to their views, the teen will face identity confusion. The teen is also looking towards the future in terms of employment, relationships, and families. Learning the roles in society is essential since the teen begins to develop the desire to fit in to society.

Fidelity is characterized by the ability to commit to others and acceptance of others even with differences. Identity crisis is the result of role confusion and can cause the adolescent to try out different lifestyles (McLeod, 2017)

Answer 52

Fidelity, Identity vs. Role Confusion: 12–18 years

Question 53

What age group experiences Erik Erikson’s Fidelity, Identity vs. Role Confusion:

Answer 53

12-18 years

Question 54

Which one of Erik Erikson’s 8 theoretical developmental stages is being described:

Can I love?

This is the first stage of adult development. Dating, marriage, family and friendships are important during the stage in their life. This is due to the increase in the growth of intimate relationships with others.

By successfully forming loving relationships with others, individuals are able to experience love and intimacy.They also feel safety, care, and commitment in these relationships.

Furthermore, if individuals are able to successfully resolve the crisis of intimacy versus isolation, they are able to achieve the virtue of love. Those who fail to form lasting relationships may feel isolated and alone.

Answer 54

Love, Intimacy vs. Isolation: 18-40 years

Question 55

Which age group experiences Erik Erikson’s Love, Intimacy vs. Isolation:

Answer 55

18-40 years

Question 56

Which one of Erik Erikson’s 8 theoretical developmental stages is being described:

Can I make my life count?

During this time people are normally settled in their lives and know what is important to them.

A person is either making progress in his career or treading lightly in his career and unsure if this is what he wants to do for the rest of his working life. Also during this time, if a person is enjoying raising his children and participating in activities, that gives a sense of purpose. This is one way of contributing to society along with productivity at work and involvement in community activities and organizations.

If a person is not comfortable with the way life is progressing, they are usually regretful about the decisions made in the past and feel a sense of uselessness.

Answer 56

Care, Generativity vs. stagnation: 40-65 years

Question 57

What age group experiences Erik Erikson’s Care, Generativity vs. stagnation:

Answer 57

40-65 years

Question 58

Which one of Erik Erikson’s 8 theoretical developmental stages is being described:

Is it okay to have been me?

During this time an individual has reached the last chapter in life and retirement is approaching or has already taken place.

Ego-integrity means the acceptance of life in its fullness: the victories and the defeats, what was accomplished and what was not accomplished.

Wisdom is the result of successfully accomplishing this final developmental task. Wisdom is defined as “informed and detached concern for life itself in the face of death itself.”

Having a guilty conscience about the past or failing to accomplish important goals will eventually lead to depression and hopelessness. Achieving the virtue of wisdom involves the feeling of living a successful life.

Answer 58

Wisdom, Ego Integrity vs. Despair: 65+ years

Question 59

What age group experiences Erik Erikson’s Wisdom, Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Answer 59

65+ years