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ICOM - Mental Health > Belovich- Brain and Behavior: Molecular basis of cognition > Flashcards

Belovich- Brain and Behavior: Molecular basis of cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Where is information integrated in a neuron?

A

cell body

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2
Q

Output signal is the chemical release of?

A

neurotransmitter

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3
Q

Neurons are classified by output/input?

A

output

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4
Q

What are the main 2 AA types of neurotransmitters?

A
  • Glutamate
  • GABA
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5
Q

What is the main action of glutamate as a neurotransmitter?

A

excitatory

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6
Q

What is the main action of GABA (neurotransmitter)?

A

globally inhibitory

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7
Q

What are the 4 main monoamine neurotransmitters?

A
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin (5-HT)
  • Norepineprhine
  • Histamine
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8
Q

What are the 5 main types of neurotransmitters?

A

• Amino Acids

• Glutamate • GABA

• Monoamines

• Dopamine • Serotonin (5-HT) • Norepineprhine • Histamine

• Acetylcholine

• Nitric Oxide (gas, diffuses across cell membrane)

• Peptides (enkephalins, endorphins)

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9
Q

The majority of neurons signal using acid neurotransmitters

glutamate and GABA

A

amino

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10
Q

What are the two main neurotransmitter receptors?

A
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11
Q

What neurotransmitter receptor is the fastest?

A

• Ionotropic receptors

• A.K.A ion channels • Rapid intracellular changes (msec - sec)

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12
Q

Which neurotransmitter receptor is the main target for pharmacological drugs?

A

• G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)

• A.K.A. metabotropic receptors • Effects can last tens of seconds to minutes

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13
Q

Monoamine receptor agonists and antagonists have both and central effects

A

peripheral

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14
Q

Which type of neurotransmitter receptors Contribute to therapeutic, ontarget, and off-target effects of psychotropic drugs?

A

Monoamine

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15
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors expressed?

A

ANS and CNS

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16
Q

alpha and beta receptors are expressed peripherally and .

A

Centrallly

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17
Q

Which monamine neurotransmitter is being described?

A

Histamine

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18
Q

Which receptor subtype for Histamine leads to decreased AC and which results in the antagonist to treat sleep disorders, obesity, and dementia

A

H3

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19
Q

Which monoamine neurotransmitter is described?

A

norepinephrine

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20
Q

What is the result of norepi acting as an agonist and interacting with a2A,B, and C neurotransmitter receptors?

A

sedative and hypertensive, inhib AC

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21
Q

What is the proprosed clinical significance of the effect of norepi on the B1 receptor?

A

Regulation of cardiac function, antagonists may be anxiolytic

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22
Q

What transmitter type is described below?

A

seratonin

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23
Q

What drug in a partial agonist of the 5HT1 receptor and acts as an axiolytic and may have a role in hippocampal neurogenesis

A

Buspirone (serotonergic)

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24
Q

5HT2 receptors deal with which transmitter?

A

seratonin

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25
Q

What effect do 5HT2A antagonsist have?

A

antipsychotic effects,

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26
Q

What clinical effect do 5HT2A agonists have?

A

hallucinogens;

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27
Q

What 2 main receptors receive dopamine and what are the clinical effects?

A
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28
Q

D1 agonists are used to treat which dz?

A

Parkinsons

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29
Q

D2 antagonsists have what clinical significance?

A

Antiphsycotic (haloperidol)

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30
Q

D3 agonists treat which 2 diseases?

A

used in Parkinson’s disease, restless legs syndrome (e.g., pramipexole)

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31
Q

What type of receptors reside on the cell body or terminal of the presynaptic neuron and Activation results in reduced release and/ or synthesis of neurotransmitter?

A

autoreceptors

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32
Q

Which two autoreceptors have clinical significance?

A

Serotonin and dopamine autoreceptors have clinical significan

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33
Q

What part of a neuron works as a detector of the amount of neurotransmitter in the synapse?

A

autoreceptor

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34
Q

Which 5-HT receptor, if manipulated, is associated with anxiety?

A

5-HT1a

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35
Q

Which 5-HT receptor, if manipulated, is associated with migraines?

A

5-HT1d

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36
Q

Activation of autoreceptors results in increased/reduced release and/ or synthesis of neurotransmitter?

A

reduced

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37
Q

Neuropeptides act as transmitters, hormones, or

A

modulators

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38
Q

Axonal transport is required for to reach synaptic bouton from nucleus

A

neuropeptides

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39
Q

Why is Axonal transport required for neuropeptides to reach synaptic bouton from nucleus?

A

they are synthesized near the cell nucleus

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40
Q

Neuropeptides do/do not always evoke an action potential

A

do not

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41
Q

In what ways can neuropeptides modulcate the effects of neurotransmitters?

A

enhance or diminish

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42
Q

What are the differences between AA neurotransmitters and neuropeptides?

A

AA neurotransmitters are synthesized near buton

Neruopeptides are synthesized near cell nucleus, deliver long term signalling= more chronic effects

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43
Q

and hormones play an important role in psychiatric conditions and mental health

A

Neuropeptides

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44
Q

What hormone stimulates release of cortisol?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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45
Q

What hormone is released as a response to physical, mental and emotional stresses (esp. chronic)?

A

cortisol

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46
Q

Hormone levels (growth, thyroid, cortisol, etc.) can/cannot be altered in patients with psychiatric symptoms

A

can be

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47
Q

What is the focus of growth hormone in children vs adults?

A

child- height

adult- muscle density

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48
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Angiotensin

Dynorphin

ß-Endorphin

Enkephalins

Growth hormone

Neuropeptide Y

Orexin

Substance P

are all examples of what?

A

neuropeptides

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49
Q

Studying Monozygotic vs. Dizygotic twins • Controls for shared environment

A

in utero

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50
Q

Twins Raised apart vs. raised together • Controls for factors (parenting style, diet, etc.)

A

environmental

51
Q

Personality traits are, on average, more strongly correlated with than environment.

A

genetics

52
Q

Monozygotic twins raised apart still show behavioral similarities. T or F

A

True

53
Q

Some psychiatric conditions are linked to a chromosome

• Most behaviors are composed of complex genetic and (likely) interactions

A

epigenetic

54
Q

Behaviors rarely/often affected by a single mutation.

A

rarely

55
Q

psychiatric illness Symptomatic individuals usually have disruptions in gene networks or functions including:

A

Cell-to-cell signaling, neuronal differentiation, neuronal migration, organization of cortex, etc.

56
Q

Genetic risk factors can lend susceptibility to developing phenotypes based on and

A

environment, experience

57
Q

can host mutations, but are not exposed to environmental triggers

A

Carriers

58
Q

Early experiences and developmental environment can/cannot influence the effects of genetic factors

A

can

59
Q

What is the effect threshold as concerning pathopsychiatric symptoms?

A

pass the threshold = loss of function = symptoms

60
Q

Neural development is influenced by both and environment

A

genetics

61
Q

The developing brain is susceptible to environmental and cues- the number of synapses and where they grow from

A

epigenetic

62
Q

Epigenetics can/cannot be carried over to the next generation

A

can

63
Q

Purkinje neuron cells are specific to the

A

cerebellum

64
Q

Pyramidal cells are associated with the

A

hippocampus

65
Q

What 6 main characteristics and mechanisms are involved with the development and growth of individual neurons?

A
  • Genetic identity of the cell type (determines what cell looks like)
  • Neuronal migration to appropriate cortical region

• Neuronal Growth Factors that determine cell survival

• Functional activity from other neurons = “Neurons that fire together wire together”

• Dendritic arborization and

synaptic pruning

66
Q

Neuronal migration to cortical layers is encoded

A

genetically

67
Q

Neurons use cells as migratory scaffolds

A

radial glial

68
Q

How many neuronal layers in the mature cerebral cortex?

A

6

69
Q

Evidence of patches of disrupted cortical layers in post-mortem patients with Disorder

A

Autism Spectrum

70
Q

What two glial cells support and insulate neuronal axons in the CNS and PNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

71
Q

Astrocytes support neurons in four ways:

A
  • Insulating groups and synaptic connections
  • Regulation of K+ concentration in the space between neurons
  • Reuptake of neurotransmitters from synaptic zones after release
  • Release of growth factors to surrounding neurons
72
Q

Which hypothesis is being described below?

While growing, neurons extend axons to target cells that secrete low levels of neurotrophic factors (NTFs) =transported back to the neuronal cell body to indicate everything is good

Neurons in proximity to a source of NTFs survive and may grow new synapses

  • Neurons that fail to receive adequate amounts of neurotrophic factor undergo apoptosis
  • Astrocytes release neurotrophic factors to support neuronal survival
A

Neurotrophic Factor Hypothesis and Development

73
Q

What are neurotrophins?

A

growth factors

74
Q

What are the 3 major neurotrophins?

A

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)

  • Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
  • Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3)
75
Q

Neurotrophins interact with what kind of transmembrane receptor?

A

tyrosine kinase receptor (Trk receptors)

76
Q

Neurotrophin binding induces and phosphorylation of Trk receptors

A

dimerization

77
Q

Identity of the protein mediates either neuronal differentiation (pyramidal or purkinje) or survival

A

adaptor

78
Q

promote neuronal survival by inhibiting apoptosis

A

Neurotrophins

79
Q

What are the extrinsic death signals that can trigger neuronal death ?

A

Extrinsic death signals: tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)

80
Q

Which of the major 3 neutrophins is associated with depression?

A

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

81
Q

What are some intrinsic factors that could trigger neuronal cell death?

A

stress induced signals; DNA damage

82
Q

What proteins are activated when extrinsic or intrinsic factors signal neuronal cell death?

A

caspases -cleaves DNA = cell death

83
Q

Activation of receptors, activated by neutrophins, inhibits caspase pathway via PI3 kinase/Akt signaling

A

Trk

84
Q

What is the result of insufficient neurotrophins in developing neurons?

A

leads to apoptosis

85
Q

What cell mediates the pruning of branches and spines of neurons (mature dendrite arborization)?

A

glial cells

86
Q

• Synaptic increases after birth

A

density

87
Q

Synaptic pruning occurs during

A

adolescence

88
Q

What plays a significant role in determining synaptic survival?

A

Activity

89
Q

Neurogenesis continues on into what decade?

A

40s

90
Q

Schizophrenia has been postulated to be associated with excessive synaptic

A

pruning

91
Q

What may be responsible for increased synaptic pruning in cases of Schizophrenia?

A

abnormalities in microglia

92
Q

What drug has been observed to reduce pruning in patient-derived cell models and can alleviate ?

A

Minocycline

93
Q

What disorder, other than schizophrenia, may have deficiencies in synaptic pruning?

A

Autism spectrum disorder

94
Q
  • As the brain develops, circuits stabilize during critical periods
  • Sensory pathways
  • Other cognitive functions
A

Language

95
Q

What cues control initial specificity of neuronal migration?

A

Molecular

96
Q

Once the circuit begins to function, specificity is sharpened through neural

A

activity

97
Q

Social deprivation in early childhood is correlated with inreased/decreased incidence of cognitive impairment.

A

increased

98
Q

What brain structure can be thin and poorly organized in a socially deprived child ?

A

Uncinate fasciculus: a structure linked to episodic memory, language, and social/ emotional processing

NOTE: left is healthy, right is not

99
Q

What brain structure is linked to episodic memory, language, and social/ emotional processing?

A

Uncinate fasciculus

100
Q

Some critical periods of development can/cannot be reopened later in life through altered experiences

A

can

Psychotherapy can help individuals relearn thought patterns, address traumatic experiences, etc.

101
Q

The Internal Representation of Personal Space Can/ cannot Be Modified by Experience

A

can

102
Q

Both brain volume and synaptic density increase/decrease with age

A

decrease

103
Q

Decreased brain correlates with cognitive decline (Alzheimer disease)

A

volume

104
Q

Density of cortical synapses declines with age but does/does not necessarily result in reverse of function

A

does not

105
Q

Adult neurogenesis does occur, and is essential in the formation of?

A

memory

106
Q

Long-term can result in growth of new synapses

A

potentiation

107
Q

Long-term potentiation in the is essential for memory formation

A

hippocampus

108
Q

Hyperstimulation of the presynaptic neuron causes changes in neuron receptor density

Greater number of receptors increases signal sensitivity

LTP induces development on dendrites

A

postsynaptic

AMPA

spine

109
Q

What is the neurotrophic hypothesis of depressed states?

A

Adult neurogenesis is decreased in depressed states

• Successful treatment restores neurotransmitter activity and BDNF release

110
Q

Enriched environment and physical exercise neurogenesis in the hippocampus

• Possible reason why exercise is helpful under stress or in depressive states

A

stimulate

111
Q

cells are the most common type of neuron in the mammalian nervous system

A

Multipolar

112
Q

Pyramidal cells are found in the and cerebral cortex

A

hippocampus

113
Q

Concerning sensory perception, motor control, and some cognitive functions

  • Relay neurons have myelinated, short/long projecting axons
  • Local circuit neurons (interneurons) have axons that
A

long

arborize

114
Q

What are the predominant neurotransmitters in the brain?

A

Glutamate and GABA

115
Q

Glycine is used in spinal cord as an neurotransmitter

A

inhibitory

116
Q

What distinct cell body are structure is where dopamine originates?

A

Dopamine - Ventral Tegmental Area, Substantia Nigra

117
Q

What distinct cell body structures (nuclei) is where norepinephrine originate?

A

Locus coeruleus

118
Q

What distinct cell body structure/es (nuclei) is where seratonin originate?

A

Serotonin - Raphe nuclei

119
Q

What distinct cell body structure/es (nuclei) is where acetylcholine originate?

A

Acetylcholine - Nucleus Basalis of Meynert

120
Q

(wakefulness) and (hunger) are also significant diffuse neurotransmitter pathways in the brain system

A

Histamine

orexin

121
Q

Diffuse NT pathways modulate function of the hierarchical systems which regulati the functions.

A

global

122
Q

Receptor activity can mediate action potential (short/long term) and gene expression (short/long term).

A

short term

long term

123
Q
A

ICOM - Mental Health (24 decks)

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