Belovich- INTRO to Mental Health Flashcards
Behaviors result from genetic, , and environmental influences integrated with psychosocial experiences
epigenetic
Mind (soul) - mediated higher mental functions (conscious experiences) and interacted with brain via the gland
pineal
Psychiatric symptoms may have or origins:
organic; functional
“Organic Disorders” are associated with a reason for the behavior
physiological
Physiological reasons for organic disordorders:
- Lesion/tumor
- Abnormal of brain region
- Neurotransmitters disrupted by disease state or drugs
- abnormalities (e.g., thyroid hormones)
- Sometimes associated with a genetic abnormality
size; Endocrine
What psychiatric disorders involve functional impairment, yet no physiological abnormality is observed
“Disorders of Function”
The “False Distinction” of Organic vs. Functional Disorders includes that Efficacy of pharmacological treatments implies underlying component
organic
Some psychiatric disorders fall into both categories of functional and organic:
Dementia/Alzheimer
Assumption: associated circuitry or mechanism not yet discovered can fall under the ““ Distinction” of Organic vs. Functional psychiatric Disorders
False
Mood changes (e.g., depression with dominant lesions, mood elevation with nondominant lesions) Difficulties with motivation, concentration, attention, orientation, and problem solving (dorsolateral convexity lesions) Difficulties with judgment, inhibitions, emotions, personality changes (orbitofrontal lesions) Inability to speak fluently (i.e., Broca aphasia [dominant lesions]) are associated with which lobe?
frontal lobe
Mood changes (e.g., depression with lesions, mood elevation with lesions)
dominant; nondominant
Difficulties with motivation, concentration, attention, orientation, and problem solving ( convexity lesions) of frontal lobe
dorsolateral
Difficulties with judgment, inhibitions, emotions, personality changes (l lesions) of frontal lobe
orbitofronta
Inability to speak fluently (i.e., Broca [dominant lesions]) of frontal lobe
aphasia;
Which lobe associated with Impaired memory Psychomotor seizures Changes in aggressive behavior Inability to understand language (i.e., Wernicke’s aphasia [dominant lesions])?
temporal lobe
Inability to understand language (i.e., aphasia [dominant lesions]) of frontal lobe
Wernicke’s
Lobe lession associated with Poor new learning; implicated specifically in Alzheimer’s disease?
Limbic lobes
syndrome (decreased aggression, increased sexual behavior, hyperorality)
Klüver-Bucy
Klüver-Bucy syndrome (decreased aggression, increased sexual behavior, hyperorality) associated with brain lesion where?
hippocampus
Decreased conditioned fear response Problems recognizing the meaningfulness of facial and vocal expressions of anger in others associated with which brain lesion where?
Amygdala
Impaired processing of visual–spatial information (e.g., cannot copy a simple line drawing or neglects the numbers on the left side when drawing a clock face [right-sided lesions]) Impaired processing of verbal information (e.g., cannot tell left from right, do simple math, name fingers, or write [Gerstmann’s syndrome, dominant lesions]) associated with brain lesion where?
parietal lobes
Impaired processing of verbal information (e.g., cannot tell left from right, do simple math, name fingers, or write [syndrome, dominant lesions]) lesion associated with parietal lobes
Gerstmann’s
Which lobe associated with Visual hallucinations and illusions Inability to identify camouflaged objects Blindness?
occipital lobes
A brain lesion where is associated with Hunger leading to obesity (ventromedial nucleus damage), loss of appetite leading to weight loss (lateral nucleus damage)
Effects on sexual activity and body temperature regulation?
hypothalamus
Hunger leading to obesity ( nucleus damage) in hypothalamus
ventromedial
loss of appetite leading to weight loss ( nucleus damage) in the hypothalamus
lateral
A lesion in which part of brain is associated with Changes in sleep–wake mechanisms (e.g., decreased REM sleep)
Loss of consciousness?
Reticular system
Which part of brain lesion where is associated with Disorders of movement (e.g., Parkinson’s disease [substantia nigra],
Huntington’s disease [caudate and putamen],
and Tourette’s syndrome [caudate])?
Basal ganglia
Disorders of movement (e.g., Parkinson’s disease [substantia ] in basal ganglia
nigra]
Huntington’s disease [and putamen] in basal ganglia
caudate
Huntington’s disease [caudate and] in basal ganglia
putamen
Tourette’s syndrome located in the of the basal ganglia
caudate
Cognitive functions are best understood as a series of events across complex pathways and of neuronal communication across neuronal networks
signaling; Patterns
Cortical Networks are both and plastic:
robust
Networks are both robust and plastic:
- Being is the “effect threshold” for genetic mutations and environmental factors
- Being means neuronal connections undergo changes in strength and intensity based on use:
- “Neurons that fire together wire together”
Robust:; Plastic
Today’s Psychiatry is concerned primarily with the brain’s functions
association
How does the brain make sense of and integrate external and internal information?
primary areas of the cortex: motor, somatosensory, visual, auditory, olfactory, etc.
primary areas of the cortex: motor, somatosensory, visual, auditory, olfactory, etc. receive information via?
sensory thalamic nuclei
Sensory input represents the world
external
information is received with little interpretation of the meaning of that information
Sensory
Which areas (units) of the brain work with primary areas to interpret sensory information?
Association
Association areas use with internal drivers, memories, and emotional stimuli
Integration
What are the internal drivers associated with integration of the association areas of the brain interpreting sensory information?
cognition, memory, emotion, learning
Which brain system is integral to the functions of internal drivers: cognition, memory, emotion, and learning?
Limbic system
Integration and interpretation drives planning and initiation of motor activity ( output)
behavioral
Understanding how information from sensory and motor systems is processed helps distinguish logical thought from distortions
psychopathological
Mental health diagnosis is based primarily on the clinician’s impression of the patient’s of his/ her thoughts and feelings
interpretation
Psychiatric diagnosis is largely independent/dependent of physical signs and symptoms
• Lab results and radiological tests usually used only to rule out causes
independent; organic
What part of the brain assigns emotional value to stimulus?
limbic system
of neurotransmitters present in serum or CSF can indicate altered level of activity
Metabolites
What is the metabolite for dopamine present in serum and cerebrospinal fluid?
HVA, homovanillic acid
What are the metabolites for norepinephrine present in serum and cerebrospinal fluid?
VMA (vanillymandelic acid
MHPG (3-methyoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol)
What is the metabolite for seratonin present in serum and cerebrospinal fluid?
Neurotransmitter levels can/cannot be collected from specific brain regions and are/ are not reliable for making diagnoses
cannot; are not
CSF and serum lab values measure neurotransmitter levels locally/globally
- Neurotransmitters exert their effects locally/globally
- Neurotransmitter levels are/are not considered diagnostic criteria
globally; locally; are not
Psychiatry diagnoses are typically made by exclusion/inclusion
exclusion
Time of onset and of symptoms can often provide a valuable clue
duration
What is an internal phenotype associated with a set of objective characteristics not visible to unaided eye?
endophenotype
Objectively/subjectively observed behaviors indicate internal phenotypes?
objectively
1) Objectively measured cognitive impairment is considered an
• May appear in multiple patients with different diagnosed syndromes
endophenotype
Effective management of psychiatric disorders often requires a approach
• Blending of pharmacological (bio), psychotherapeutic (psycho) and social (social) treatment modalities
biopsychosocial
Treatments for severe and/or mental health conditions (psychotic depression, mania, catatonia, etc.) can include:
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation
- Vagal stimulation and deep brain stimulation
- Surgical intervention
refractory
