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ICOM - Mental Health > Belovich- Brain and Behavior II: Attention, Memory, and emotion > Flashcards

Belovich- Brain and Behavior II: Attention, Memory, and emotion Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory input is filtered through connections between brain structures

A

reciprocal

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2
Q

Fibers project from the cortex to the thalamus ( projections) and from the thalamus to the cortex (thalamocortical projections)

A

corticothalamic

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3
Q

Reciprocal connections are key to of sensory information

A

conscious perception

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4
Q

The recriprocal connections of the thalamus and cortices play a critical role in

sensory input and can assist in of internal representations

A

filtering

sharpening

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5
Q

In pathological states, reciprocal connections between thalamus and cortices may generate false signals like and panic attacks or inappropriately sensation (e.g., psychosomatic syndromes)

A

hallucinations

suppress

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6
Q

-order processing, integrating and interpreting information across multiple modalities contribute to:

• Intellect • Personality • Language functions • Emotion modulation • Judgment • Relation of self to others

A

Higher-order

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7
Q

What association cortex has this general cognitive function?

sensory guidance of motor behavior and spatial awareness

A

parietal

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8
Q

What association cortex has this general cognitive function?

recognition of sensory stimuli and storage of semantic (factual) knowledge

A

temporal

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9
Q

What association cortex has this general cognitive function?

organizing behavior and working memory

A

frontal

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10
Q

What association cortex has this general cognitive function?

complex functions related to emotion and episodic (autobiographical) memory

A

limbic

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11
Q

How does the brain identify and focus only on relevant stimuli?

A

attention

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12
Q

The ability to attend to external or internal stimuli is defined as

A

attention

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13
Q

The capacity to concentrate requires the capacity to other external and internal stimuli

A

ignore

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14
Q

Dopamine regulates and is disrupted in disorders

A

attention

impulsive

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15
Q

Attention and impulsivity are sides of the same coin

A

opposite

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16
Q

What neurotransmitter is implicated in attention and it’s opposite, impulsivity?

A

dopamine

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17
Q

Dopaminergic activity in the limbic system originates where?

A

nucleus accumbens

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18
Q

Pleasurable activities increase the release of which neurotransmitter and where?

A

Dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

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19
Q

Stimulant medications increase/decrease DA in the NAc and improve attentiveness and impulse control

A

increase

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20
Q

new information acquired by the nervous system which can be observed in the individual through behavioral changes is called what?

A

learning

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21
Q

What is the encoding, storage, and retrieval of learned information?

And contributes to personality, habits, disposition, etc

A

memory

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22
Q

What are the 2 main components of long-term memory?

A

non-declarative/implicit memory

declarative/explicit memory

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23
Q

Which parts of the brain are indicated in declarative/explicit memory?

A
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24
Q

Which parts of the brain are associated with nondeclarative/implicit memory?

A
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25
Q

Memory that focuses on epidsodic memory (events) and semantic memory (facts) is called?

A

declarative/explicit memory

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26
Q

Memory that focuses on skills, habits, emotional memory, and conditioned reflexes is called?

A

nondeclarative/ implicit memory

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27
Q

What type of memory defines the temporary, short-term maintenance of information?

E.g., Remembering a phone number for a few minutes or days

A

short term memory

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28
Q

What type of memory describes what is being actively considered at the time (for a few seconds)?

E.g., looking up a phone number, remembering it to actively dial the number

A

working memory

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29
Q

Which memory is needed for “multitasking,” calculations, and reading comprehension

A

Working memory

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30
Q

Which type of brain function includes higher-level cognitive skills such as organizing priorities and planning initiation strategies?

A

executive function

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31
Q

memory involves other brain functions required to take an action based on the remembered information

A

Working

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32
Q

Which parts of the brain are involved with working memory?

A

hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, likely includes connections with the parietal lobes

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33
Q

What two neurotransmitters modulate working memory?

A

dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE)

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34
Q

Dopamine agonists/antagonists (e.g., haloperidol) result in decreased performance on delayed response tasks (decreases working memory?)

A

antagonists (D2 receptor)

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35
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics that increase/decrease DA and NE in the PFC enhance working memory and improve attention

A

increase

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36
Q

Working memory deficits occur in patients

A

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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37
Q

Working memory can depend on an individual’s ability to maintain

A

attention!

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38
Q

What are the most common abnormal brain findings reported in ADHD patients?

A

Dysfunctions in the prefrontal cortex and striatum (caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens)

39
Q

ADHD is Most commonly treated with or methylphenidate (Ritalin) to increase signaling

A

dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)

dopaminergic

40
Q

Other than ADHD, Impaired working memory is central feature of cognitive impairments in

A

schizophrenia

41
Q

Explain the journey of learned experiences in the brain?

A

enter the brain through the senses and are initially processed in the cortex

Processed information goes to hippocampus, and emotional importance is “assigned” by amygdala

Information stored in cortex

42
Q

Where is the next step of sensory information that has been processed in the cortex?

A

Processed information goes to hippocampus, and emotional importance is “assigned” by amygdala

43
Q

Emotionally intense experiences are/are not more permanent

A

are

44
Q

Where is the final destination of stored information?

A

cortex

45
Q

Neutral stimuli are/are not quickly disregarded

A

are

46
Q

Working memory is often called ?

A

short term memory (though they are not the same)

47
Q

What type of memory is being described:

  • Facts (semantic memory) • Recalling the names of other individuals, remembering details from lecture slides
  • Events (episodic memory) • Recalling a previous event or occurrence (dinner at a restaurant, an exam)
A

declarative memory

48
Q

Which type of memory is being described?

  • Skills and Habits • Example: riding a bike, making a pot of coffee, knowing how to download lecture slides
  • Dependent on the neocortex and the neostriatum (striatum)
  • Cerebellum is important for the conditioning of skeletal musculature (assists in motor skills)• “Muscle Memory”
  • Amygdala for emotional learning
A

nondeclarative memory

49
Q

When a patient is unable to form new, declarative memories?

A

anterograde amnesia

50
Q

Damage to what part of the brain can cause anterograde amnesia?

A

hippocampal region

51
Q

Which type of amnesia is most associate with neurogenerative diseases and causes loss of old memories?

A

retrograde amnesia

52
Q

A patient with which condition and retrograde amnesia would not be able to “hijack” nondeclarative memory circuits?

A

Parkinsons

53
Q

What type of memory is episodic (personally experienced events), long-term, and associated with Temporal lobes (medial), anterior thalamic nuclei, fornix, hippocampus, mammillary bodies, prefrontal cortex?

A

Declarative (explicit or conscious)

54
Q

What is the associated brain anatomy of declarative semantic long-term memory (general knowledge about the world)?

A

interolateral temporal lobes

55
Q

Parkinson’s disease is associated with degeneration of which part of the brain?

A

substantia nigra

56
Q

What are a “Set of physiological responses that occur more or less unconsciously when the brain encounters challenging situations”?

A

emotions

57
Q

Changes in arousal levels and cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and musculoskeletal responses can occur as a response to emotions/feelings?

A

emotions

58
Q

Facial expressions and overt behaviors are examples of what type of emotional observation?

A

direct

59
Q

psychophysiological, neurophysiological tests, or endocrine assays are examples of what type of observation regarding emotions?

A

indirect observation

60
Q

What are “conscious experience of these somatic and cognitive changes” from emotions?

A

Feelings

61
Q

If external stimuli are emotionally salient (noticeable or important), emotion systems (e.g., amygdala) are activated/ignored?

A

activated

62
Q

After the amygdala and other emotional systems are activated by salient emotional stimuli, where does the ouput then go to?

A

Output to hypothalamus and brain stem activate effector cells such as musculoskeletal fight or flight response (ANS) and/or rage

63
Q

Aggression is associated with low levels

A

serotonin

64
Q

Low CSF levels of serotonin metabolites associated with inability to control aggressive behavior and poor impulse control

A

(5-HIAA)

65
Q

Low 5-HIAA ( a metabolite) levels in CSF associated with aggression, greater suicide intent, higher lethality in attempts and repeat offenses by violent offenders.

A

seratonin

66
Q

Acute depletion (transient decline in brain serotonin) results in increased irritability and aggression

A

tryptophan

67
Q

What emotional brain theory is being described?

• “Feelings” are sensory feedback to the cortex about emotional responses in the body

A

peripheral feedback theory

68
Q

What emotional brain theory is being described?

Hypothalamus evaluates emotional qualities of the stimulus, and thalamocortical pathways lead to conscious feelings

A

central theory

69
Q

What emotional brain theory is being described?

Extended Central theory by including anatomical specificity

A

Papez circuit

70
Q

H-P-Adrenal (HPA) Axis mediates stress response by release of into systemic circulation

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

71
Q

ACTH stimulates the release of from the adrenal cortex to mediate peripheral effects

A

cortisol

72
Q

Cortisol (and other hormones) does/does not affect the CNS, including the cerebral cortex?

A

does

73
Q

Patients with disorders as primary pathology may present with psychiatric symptoms

Ex: Cushing’s disease (hypercortisolism) and Addison’s disease (hypocortisolism)

A

endocrine

74
Q

Chronic stress and prolonged activation of HPA axis result in excess

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

75
Q

Amygdala is stimulated by glucocorticoids, T/F

A

T

76
Q

If Amygdala is stimulated by glucocorticoids, it may stress response

A

prolong

77
Q

Which hormone can cause all of these effects:

  • Impaired memory
  • Disrupted LTP
  • Atrophy of hippocampal dendrites
  • Decreased hippocampal volume
  • Decreased neurogenesis
A

cortisol

78
Q

Which hormone can create a feedback loop affecting

cortical processing

memory formation

emotional sensitivity

inhibit hypothalamus

A

cortisol

79
Q

Which part of the hypothalamus releases ACTH?

A

anterior pituitary

80
Q

What happens to the amount of NMDA receptors with Long term potentiation?

A

they increase

81
Q

Increased/Decreased HPA activity is observed in a large amount of depressed patients?

A

increased

82
Q

Elevated levels observed in many depressed patients

  • Supportshypothesis of depression
  • Depression is associated with increased
A

cortisol

neurotrophic

inflammation

83
Q

What synthetic glucocorticoid can be used to assess HPA axis activity and cortisol dysregulation?

DST usefulness is limited due to nonspecificity and false positives - other conditions yield positive DST results

A

Dexamethasone

84
Q

In a patient with a normal HPA axis, dexamethasone will increase/suppress the secretion of cortisol

~ 50% of patients with major depressive disorder have a positive/negative DST (suppression is limited or absent)

A

suppress

positive

85
Q

• When cytokine signal is received by CNS, autonomic innervation of the spleen and lymph nodes activates/inhibits activity

A

inhibits

86
Q

During stress, release of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol activates/suppresses innate/adaptive immunity

A

suppresses

innate

87
Q

Psychological stress has been observed to negatively/positively impact immune system function

A

negatively

88
Q

• Patients with disorders (hypo- and hyperthyroidism) also may present with psychiatric symptoms

A

thyroid

89
Q

Assessment of dysfunction, Cushing’s, Addison’s, etc. is important to rule out primary endocrine disorder

A

thyroid

90
Q

Which thyroid disorder is indicated with the below signs and symptoms:

A

hyperthyroidism

91
Q

Which thyroid disorder is indicated with the below signs and symptoms:

A

hypothyroidism

92
Q
A
93
Q
A

ICOM - Mental Health (24 decks)

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