Belovich- Brain and Behavior II: Attention, Memory, and emotion

Question 1

Sensory input is filtered through connections between brain structures

Answer 1

reciprocal

Question 2

Fibers project from the cortex to the thalamus ( projections) and from the thalamus to the cortex (thalamocortical projections)

Answer 2

corticothalamic

Question 3

Reciprocal connections are key to of sensory information

Answer 3

conscious perception

Question 4

The recriprocal connections of the thalamus and cortices play a critical role in

sensory input and can assist in of internal representations

Answer 4

filtering

sharpening

Question 5

In pathological states, reciprocal connections between thalamus and cortices may generate false signals like and panic attacks or inappropriately sensation (e.g., psychosomatic syndromes)

Answer 5

hallucinations

suppress

Question 6

-order processing, integrating and interpreting information across multiple modalities contribute to:

• Intellect • Personality • Language functions • Emotion modulation • Judgment • Relation of self to others

Answer 6

Higher-order

Question 7

What association cortex has this general cognitive function?

sensory guidance of motor behavior and spatial awareness

Answer 7

parietal

Question 8

What association cortex has this general cognitive function?

recognition of sensory stimuli and storage of semantic (factual) knowledge

Answer 8

temporal

Question 9

What association cortex has this general cognitive function?

organizing behavior and working memory

Answer 9

frontal

Question 10

What association cortex has this general cognitive function?

complex functions related to emotion and episodic (autobiographical) memory

Answer 10

limbic

Question 11

How does the brain identify and focus only on relevant stimuli?

Answer 11

attention

Question 12

The ability to attend to external or internal stimuli is defined as

Answer 12

attention

Question 13

The capacity to concentrate requires the capacity to other external and internal stimuli

Answer 13

ignore

Question 14

Dopamine regulates and is disrupted in disorders

Answer 14

attention

impulsive

Question 15

Attention and impulsivity are sides of the same coin

Answer 15

opposite

Question 16

What neurotransmitter is implicated in attention and it’s opposite, impulsivity?

Answer 16

dopamine

Question 17

Dopaminergic activity in the limbic system originates where?

Answer 17

nucleus accumbens

Question 18

Pleasurable activities increase the release of which neurotransmitter and where?

Answer 18

Dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

Question 19

Stimulant medications increase/decrease DA in the NAc and improve attentiveness and impulse control

Answer 19

increase

Question 20

new information acquired by the nervous system which can be observed in the individual through behavioral changes is called what?

Answer 20

learning

Question 21

What is the encoding, storage, and retrieval of learned information?

And contributes to personality, habits, disposition, etc

Answer 21

memory

Question 22

What are the 2 main components of long-term memory?

Answer 22

non-declarative/implicit memory

declarative/explicit memory

Question 23

Which parts of the brain are indicated in declarative/explicit memory?

Answer 23

Question 24

Which parts of the brain are associated with nondeclarative/implicit memory?

Answer 24

Question 25

Memory that focuses on epidsodic memory (events) and semantic memory (facts) is called?

Answer 25

declarative/explicit memory

Question 26

Memory that focuses on skills, habits, emotional memory, and conditioned reflexes is called?

Answer 26

nondeclarative/ implicit memory

Question 27

What type of memory defines the temporary, short-term maintenance of information? E.g., Remembering a phone number for a few minutes or days

Answer 27

short term memory

Question 28

What type of memory describes what is being actively considered at the time (for a few seconds)? E.g., looking up a phone number, remembering it to actively dial the number

Answer 28

working memory

Question 29

Which memory is needed for “multitasking,” calculations, and reading comprehension

Answer 29

Working memory

Question 30

Which type of brain function includes higher-level cognitive skills such as organizing priorities and planning initiation strategies?

Answer 30

executive function

Question 31

memory involves other brain functions required to take an action based on the remembered information

Answer 31

Working

Question 32

Which parts of the brain are involved with working memory?

Answer 32

**hippocampus** and **prefrontal cortex**, likely includes connections with the **parietal lobes**

Question 33

What two neurotransmitters modulate working memory?

Answer 33

dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE)

Question 34

Dopamine **agonists/antagonists** (e.g., haloperidol) result in decreased performance on delayed response tasks (decreases working memory?)

Answer 34

antagonists (D2 receptor)

Question 35

Pharmacotherapeutics that **increase/decrease** DA and NE in the PFC enhance working memory and improve attention

Answer 35

increase

Question 36

Working memory deficits occur in patients

Answer 36

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Question 37

Working memory can depend on an individual’s ability to maintain

Answer 37

attention!

Question 38

What are the most common abnormal brain findings reported in ADHD patients?

Answer 38

Dysfunctions in the prefrontal cortex and striatum (caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens)

Question 39

ADHD is Most commonly treated with or methylphenidate (Ritalin) to increase signaling

Answer 39

dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) dopaminergic

Question 40

Other than ADHD, Impaired working memory is central feature of cognitive impairments in

Answer 40

schizophrenia

Question 41

Explain the journey of learned experiences in the brain?

Answer 41

enter the brain through the senses and are initially processed in the cortex Processed information goes to hippocampus, and emotional importance is “assigned” by amygdala Information stored in cortex

Question 42

Where is the next step of sensory information that has been processed in the cortex?

Answer 42

Processed information goes to hippocampus, and emotional importance is “assigned” by amygdala

Question 43

Emotionally intense experiences **are/are not** more permanent

Answer 43

are

Question 44

Where is the final destination of stored information?

Answer 44

cortex

Question 45

Neutral stimuli **are/are not** quickly disregarded

Answer 45

are

Question 46

Working memory is often called _?_

Answer 46

short term memory (though they are not the same)

Question 47

What type of memory is being described: * Facts (semantic memory) • Recalling the names of other individuals, remembering details from lecture slides * Events (episodic memory) • Recalling a previous event or occurrence (dinner at a restaurant, an exam)

Answer 47

declarative memory

Question 48

Which type of memory is being described? * Skills and Habits • Example: riding a bike, making a pot of coffee, knowing how to download lecture slides * Dependent on the neocortex and the neostriatum (striatum) * Cerebellum is important for the conditioning of skeletal musculature (assists in motor skills)• “Muscle Memory” * Amygdala for emotional learning

Answer 48

nondeclarative memory

Question 49

When a patient is unable to form new, declarative memories?

Answer 49

anterograde amnesia

Question 50

Damage to what part of the brain can cause anterograde amnesia?

Answer 50

hippocampal region

Question 51

Which type of amnesia is most associate with neurogenerative diseases and causes loss of old memories?

Answer 51

retrograde amnesia

Question 52

A patient with which condition and retrograde amnesia would not be able to “hijack” nondeclarative memory circuits?

Answer 52

Parkinsons

Question 53

What type of memory is episodic (personally experienced events), long-term, and associated with Temporal lobes (medial), anterior thalamic nuclei, fornix, hippocampus, mammillary bodies, prefrontal cortex?

Answer 53

Declarative (explicit or conscious)

Question 54

What is the associated brain anatomy of declarative semantic long-term memory (general knowledge about the world)?

Answer 54

interolateral temporal lobes

Question 55

Parkinson's disease is associated with degeneration of which part of the brain?

Answer 55

substantia nigra

Question 56

What are a “Set of physiological responses that occur more or less unconsciously when the brain encounters challenging situations”?

Answer 56

emotions

Question 57

Changes in arousal levels and cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and musculoskeletal responses can occur as a response to **emotions/feelings**?

Answer 57

emotions

Question 58

Facial expressions and overt behaviors are examples of what type of emotional observation?

Answer 58

direct

Question 59

psychophysiological, neurophysiological tests, or endocrine assays are examples of what type of observation regarding emotions?

Answer 59

indirect observation

Question 60

What are “conscious experience of these somatic and cognitive changes” from emotions?

Answer 60

Feelings

Question 61

If external stimuli are emotionally salient (noticeable or important), emotion systems (e.g., amygdala) are **activated/ignored**?

Answer 61

activated

Question 62

After the amygdala and other emotional systems are activated by salient emotional stimuli, where does the ouput then go to?

Answer 62

Output to hypothalamus and brain stem activate effector cells such as musculoskeletal fight or flight response (ANS) and/or rage

Question 63

Aggression is associated with low levels

Answer 63

serotonin

Question 64

Low CSF levels of serotonin metabolites associated with inability to control aggressive behavior and poor impulse control

Answer 64

(5-HIAA)

Question 65

Low 5-HIAA ( a metabolite) levels in CSF associated with aggression, greater suicide intent, higher lethality in attempts and repeat offenses by violent offenders.

Answer 65

seratonin

Question 66

Acute depletion (transient decline in brain serotonin) results in increased irritability and aggression

Answer 66

tryptophan

Question 67

What emotional brain theory is being described? • “Feelings” are sensory feedback to the cortex about emotional responses in the body

Answer 67

peripheral feedback theory

Question 68

What emotional brain theory is being described? Hypothalamus evaluates emotional qualities of the stimulus, and thalamocortical pathways lead to conscious feelings

Answer 68

central theory

Question 69

What emotional brain theory is being described? Extended Central theory by including anatomical specificity

Answer 69

Papez circuit

Question 70

H-P-Adrenal (HPA) Axis mediates stress response by release of into systemic circulation

Answer 70

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 71

ACTH stimulates the release of from the adrenal cortex to mediate peripheral effects

Answer 71

cortisol

Question 72

Cortisol (and other hormones) **does/does not** affect the CNS, including the cerebral cortex?

Answer 72

does

Question 73

Patients with disorders as primary pathology may present with psychiatric symptoms Ex: Cushing’s disease (hypercortisolism) and Addison’s disease (hypocortisolism)

Answer 73

endocrine

Question 74

Chronic stress and prolonged activation of HPA axis result in excess

Answer 74

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Question 75

Amygdala is stimulated by glucocorticoids, **T/F**

Answer 75

T

Question 76

If Amygdala is stimulated by glucocorticoids, it may stress response

Answer 76

prolong

Question 77

Which hormone can cause all of these effects: * Impaired memory * Disrupted LTP * Atrophy of hippocampal dendrites * Decreased hippocampal volume * Decreased neurogenesis

Answer 77

cortisol

Question 78

Which hormone can create a feedback loop affecting cortical processing memory formation emotional sensitivity inhibit hypothalamus

Answer 78

cortisol

Question 79

Which part of the hypothalamus releases ACTH?

Answer 79

anterior pituitary

Question 80

What happens to the amount of NMDA receptors with Long term potentiation?

Answer 80

they increase

Question 81

**Increased/Decreased** HPA activity is observed in a large amount of depressed patients?

Answer 81

increased

Question 82

Elevated levels observed in many depressed patients * Supportshypothesis of depression * Depression is associated with increased

Answer 82

cortisol neurotrophic inflammation

Question 83

What synthetic glucocorticoid can be used to assess HPA axis activity and cortisol dysregulation? DST usefulness is limited due to nonspecificity and false positives - other conditions yield positive DST results

Answer 83

Dexamethasone

Question 84

In a patient with a normal HPA axis, dexamethasone will **increase/suppress** the secretion of cortisol ~ 50% of patients with major depressive disorder have a **positive/negative** DST (suppression is limited or absent)

Answer 84

suppress positive

Question 85

• When cytokine signal is received by CNS, autonomic innervation of the spleen and lymph nodes **activates/inhibits** activity

Answer 85

inhibits

Question 86

During stress, release of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol **activates/suppresses** **innate/adaptive** immunity

Answer 86

suppresses innate

Question 87

Psychological stress has been observed to **negatively/positively** impact immune system function

Answer 87

negatively

Question 88

• Patients with disorders (hypo- and hyperthyroidism) also may present with psychiatric symptoms

Answer 88

thyroid

Question 89

Assessment of dysfunction, Cushing’s, Addison’s, etc. is important to rule out primary endocrine disorder

Answer 89

thyroid

Question 90

Which thyroid disorder is indicated with the below signs and symptoms:

Answer 90

hyperthyroidism

Question 91

Which thyroid disorder is indicated with the below signs and symptoms:

Answer 91

hypothyroidism