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Hotzman- Limbic system Flashcards

1
Q

Which structures directly or indirectly communicate with the hypothalamus or midbrain periaqueductal gray?

A

limbic structures

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2
Q

What are the major structures of the limbic cortical areas:

A

Major limbic cortical areas:

  • Parahippocampal gyrus
  • Cingulate gyrus
  • Prefrontal cortex*
  • Temporal pole*

*Sources vary as to whether these are considered limbic structures

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3
Q

Along with the major limbic cortical areas:Major limbic cortical areas: - Parahippocampal gyrus - Cingulate gyrus - Prefrontal cortex* - Temporal pole*

What other structures are included?

A
  • Hippocampal formation
  • Amygdala
  • Septal area (nuclei)
  • Hypothalamus*
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4
Q

What are the 4 basic categories of limbic function (HOME)?

A

H- Homeostatic functions, including autonomic and neuroendocrine control

O- Olfaction

M- Memory

E- Emotions and drive

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5
Q

What are the functions of these limbic system associated structures?

A
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6
Q

The olfactory cortex delivers major inputs to which limbic system component?

A

hippocampal formation

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7
Q

What 3 places to afferent fibers come from to end up in the prefrontal cortex?

A

All cerebral cortical regions

  • All brainstem monoaminergic systems -

Other limbic system structures

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8
Q

What 3 main areas do efferent fibers end up from the prefrontal cortex?

A

Temporal neocortex(superficial) and deep temporal lobe structures (hippocampus) -

Hypothalamus

  • Mediodorsal thalamic nucleus
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9
Q

Afferent fibers to anterior cingulate gyrus come from which 3 places:

A
  • Anterior thalamic nucleus
  • Dopaminergic fibers from ventral tegmental area
  • Diagonal band of Broca
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10
Q

Efferent fibers from anterior cingulate gyrus come from which 2 places?

A

Mediodorsal thalamic nucleus

  • Subiculum
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11
Q

What are the 2 major thalamic nuclei that play a role in the limbic system (relay links)?

A

anterior thalamic nuclei

mediodorsal thalamic nuclei

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12
Q

What are the 3 main funcitons of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Cognitive processes

  • Autonomic processes
  • Emotional processes, including control over aggression and rage
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13
Q

Damage to the prefrontal cortex can cause?

A

flat affect; loss of control of cognitive, autonomic, and emotional processes; memory and intellectual deficits

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14
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the cingulate gyrus?

A
  • Processing of visual and somatic sensations
  • Cognitive
  • Regulation of visceral (autonomic) processes by exerting a general suppressive effect
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15
Q

Damage to the cingulate gyrus may cause?

A

damage may cause flat affect,

lack of empathy,

autonomic dysfunction,

poor decision making

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16
Q

What are the 3 main components of the parahimppocampal gyrus?

A

Entorhinal cortex (anterior)

  • Parahippocampal cortex (posterior)
  • Perirhinal cortex (lateral)
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17
Q

The major afferent source to the hippocampal region from the parahippocampal gyrus is :

A

the Entorhinal cortex

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18
Q

What part of brain is Involved in the formation of declarative memories and in spatial processing?

A

Parahippocampal Gyrus

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19
Q

Damage to what structure correlates with a loss in the ability to form new memories and also leads to inability to recognize scenes although objects in the scene can still be recognized (damage to spatial processing)?

A

parahippocampal gyrus

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20
Q

What 3 structures make up the hippocampal formation?

A

hippocampus

dentate gyrus

subiculum (subicular cortex)

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21
Q

CA1 (Sommer’s sector)- pyramidal cells of the hippocampus are highly susceptible to , especially during periods of lobe epilepsy

A

anoxia; temporal

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22
Q

What is the ridge of small granular cells forming the outer border of CA4 of the hippocampus - Thought to play a major role in episodic memory formation?

A

Dentate gyrus

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23
Q

What is being described ?

Transitional region between entorhinal cortex and hippocampus

  • Major output of hippocampus; not a simple relay but functions as a unique computational unit
A

Subiculum (subicular cortex)

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24
Q

Entorhinal region is major afferent source projecting to the?

A

hippocampus

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25
Q

Afferent fibers to entorhinal include which 2 structures of brain?

A

Association cortex (frontal, parieto-occipital, and temporal)

  • Cingulate gyrus
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26
Q

Other afferents to the hippocampal formation other than the entorhinal complex of the parahippocampal gyrus are what 3 major afferents:

A

Monoamine projections from brainstem reticular formation

  • Ventral tegmental area (dopamine) - Raphe nuclei (serotonin) - Locus coeruleus (norepinephrine) -

Contralateral hippocampus

- Cholinergic neurons from septal nuclei and diagonal band

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27
Q

Major pathway from the hippocampal formation?

A

fornix

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28
Q

What are the 3 components of the fornix system and where do they go?

A

precommissural fornix- septal area

postcommissural fornix- diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

comissural component-terminates in contralateral hippocampus

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29
Q

What are the 2 other efferent pathways from hippocampal formation other than the fornix?

A

Neurons in subiculum also project to entorhinal cortex, cingulate cortex, and areas of prefrontal cortex

  • Entorhinal cortex projects to amygdala and adjoining regions of temporal neocortex
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30
Q

What does the anterior commissure connect?

A

temporal lobes

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31
Q

The significance of what projections are that they enable the hippocampal formation to communicate with widespread regions of neocortex and Serve to provide affective (emotional) properties to various modalities of sensory signals (like emotions associated with smell)?

A

subiculum and entorhinal cortex of the hippocampal formation

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32
Q

What brain formation functions to:

Certain forms of learning and memory

Differentially modulates aggressive behavior

Modulates endocrine functions

A

hippocampal formation

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33
Q

What 4 certain forms of learning and memory are the function of the hippocampal formation?

A

Spatial learning (spatial memory)

  • Short-term memory
  • Consolidation of memory (transferring short-term to long-term)
  • Receives, processes, and categorizes sensory information during learning
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34
Q

How does the hippocampal formation modulate aggressive behavior?

A

Activation of hf closest to amygdala facilitates predatory attack behavior

  • Activation of hf closest to septal pole suppresses this form of aggression
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35
Q

How and what part of the hippocampal formation modulates endocrine functions?

A

Ventral subiculum regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

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36
Q

What part of the thalamus is a reciprocal connection with the mammilary body of the hypothalamus and the cingulate gyrus?

A

anterior nucleus with thalamus

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37
Q

The septal area (ventral septum, diagonal band)

Amygdala/pyriform cortex

and

prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus

are all inputs to which thalamic nuclei?

A

mediodorsal thalamic nucleus

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38
Q

Which specific hippocampal region is highly susceptible to anoxia, particularly during periods of temporal lobe epilepsy?

A

CA1 (Sommer’s sector)- pyramidal cells are highly susceptible to anoxia, especially during periods of temporal lobe epilepsy

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39
Q

What region of the brain provides the major input to the hippocampus?

A

entorhinal region

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40
Q

Identify the 3 specific components of the fornix system and the brain regions to which they connect the hippocampus.

A
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41
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the hippocampal formation?

A

Certain forms of learning and memory

Differentially modulates aggressive behavior

Modulates endocrine functions

42
Q

How does activation of different areas of the hippocampus modulate aggressive behavior?

A

Activation of hf closest to amygdala facilitates predatory attack behavior

Activation of hf closest to septal pole suppresses this form of aggression

43
Q

Which specific component of the hippocampal formation regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis?

A

Ventral subiculum

44
Q

What 2 thalamic nuclei are important in limbic pathways and what are their connections to other brain regions?

A

anterior thalamic nuclei reciprocal input/output from mamillary bodies of hypothalamus and cingulate gyrus

and

(view diagram concerning mediodorsal thalamic nuclei)

45
Q

Name the major parts of this diagram?

46
Q

Papex circuit (neuronal circuit)

Hippocampus → → mammillary body → mammillothalamic tract →

thalamic nuclei → thalamocingular tract → gyrus → cingulohippocampal fibers → hippocampus

A

Hippocampus → fornix → mammillary body → mammillothalamic tract → anterior thalamic nuclei → thalamocingular tract → cingulate gyrus → cingulohippocampal fibers → hippocampus

NOTE: start with the red pathway and end with green

47
Q

What establishes a connection between information stored in the unconscious and conscious behavior?

A

Neuronal Circuit (Papez Circuit)

48
Q

There is/is not a dorsal septal area in humans?

A

is not

(only septum pellucidum, which is devoid of nerve cells)

49
Q

Septal area afferent connections

Medialstria

  • Monoaminergic systems of -

Hippocampal formation

-

  • Feedback signals from lateral hypothalamus
A

Medial olfactory stria

  • Monoaminergic systems of brainstem
  • Hippocampal formation
  • Amygdala
  • Feedback signals from lateral hypothalamus
50
Q

What are the 2 main efferent connections of the septal area?

A

Lateral septal area projects to hypothalamus -

Nuclei of diagonal band of Broca have widespread connections with other parts of limbic system (parallels projection pattern of subicular cortex)

51
Q

What is the main function of the septal area?

A

Relay and feedback system for hippocampal formation to hypothalamus;

52
Q

What area of brain is implicated in aggression, rage, autonomic functions, and drinking behavior

A

Septal area

53
Q

Septal area also has effects on endocrine system via

A

modulatory; hypothalamic-pituitary axis

54
Q

Stimulation of septal area facilitate/suppresses ACTH secretion and adrenal activity

  • Lesions of septal area facilitate/suppress ACTH release
A

suppresses

facilitate

55
Q

Lesions of septal area can cause “ rage,” which refers to sudden outbursts of aggressive behavior

56
Q

What are the basal forebrain nuclei related to the limbic system?

A

Bed nucleus of stria terminalis

Nucleus accumbens

Substantia innominate (basal nucleus of Meynart)

57
Q

What is the major efferent pathway from the amygdala?

A

stria terminalis

58
Q

What is the function of the basal forebrain bed nucleus of the stria terminalis?

A

helps regulate autonomic and affective (emotional) processes

59
Q

Which basal nuclei

Receives fibers from amygdala -

Projects to hypothalamus and midbrain PAG -

Believed to regulate autonomic, endocrine, and affective processes

A

Bed nucleus of stria terminalis

60
Q

Which basal forebrain nuclei related to the limbic system:

Receives dopaminergic projections from brainstem

  • Receives other inputs from amygdala and hippocampal formation
  • Projects to substantia innominate, substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area -

Believed to integrate motor (basal nuclei) and motivational (limbic system) processes

A

nucleus accumbens

61
Q

Pathway from nucleus accumbens to has been implicated as substrate for addictive processes

A

ventral tegmental area

62
Q

Which basal forebrain nuclei related to the limbic system is described:

Includes basal nucleus of Meynart - contains cholinergic cells that project widely to cerebral cortex and limbic structures (damage to this area is suggested in the etiology of Alzheimer disease)

  • Shares reciprocal connections with amygdala
  • Projects axons to lateral hypothalamus so it may also serve as a relay of signals from the amygdala to the lateral hypothalamus
A

substantia innominate

63
Q

What are the 3 cortical areas that comprise the parahippocampal gyrus?

A

Entorhinal cortex (anterior)

  • Parahippocampal cortex (posterior)
  • Perirhinal cortex (lateral)
64
Q

What are the consequences of damage to the parahippocampal gyrus?

A

Damage to this structure correlates with a loss in the ability to form new memories -

Damage also leads to inability to recognize scenes although objects in the scene can still be recognized (damage to spatial processing)

65
Q

Be able to correctly sequence the structures that comprise the Papez circuit.

A

Hippocampus → fornix → mammillary body → mammillothalamic tract → anterior thalamic nuclei → thalamocingular tract → cingulate gyrus → cingulohippocampal fibers → hippocampus

66
Q

What are the main functions of the septal area nuclei?

A

Relay and feedback system for hippocampal formation to hypothalamus

Septal area also has modulatory effects on endocrine system via hypothalamic-pituitary axis

67
Q

What is believed to be the function of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis?

A

Believed to regulate autonomic, endocrine, and affective processes

68
Q

What is the role of the nucleus accumbens in the limbic system?

A

Receives dopaminergic projections from brainstem

  • Receives other inputs from amygdala and hippocampal formation
  • Projects to substantia innominate, substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area -

Believed to integrate motor (basal nuclei) and motivational (limbic system) processes

Pathway from nucleus accumbens to ventral tegmental area has been implicated as substrate for addictive processes

69
Q

. What are the connections of the substantia innominate to other limbic structures?

A

contains cholinergic cells that project widely to cerebral cortex and limbic structures (damage to this area is suggested in the etiology of Alzheimer disease)

Shares reciprocal connections with amygdala

Projects axons to lateral hypothalamus so it may also serve as a relay of signals from the amygdala to the lateral hypothalamus

70
Q

Which structure is located deep to the uncus and anterior to the tail of the caudate nucleus and is composed of nuclei?

71
Q

Major nuclear groups of the amygdala can be divided into which 2 components:

A

Corticomedial group

  • Cortical nucleus - Basal nucleus, medial part

Basolateral group

  • Central nucleus* - Lateral nucleus - Basal nucleus, lateral part
72
Q

What is the ultimate function of the central nucleus of the amygdala as the info passes to the hypothalamus and reticular formation?

A

regulatio of visceral responses to stimuli

73
Q

What is the ultimate function of the corticomedial nucleus of the amydala as the information is relayed to the hypothalamus, reticular formation, and olfactory system?

A

emotional affective response to smell and food

74
Q

What is the ultimate function of the basal lateral nuclei as the information passes to the association cortices and limbic cortex?

A

attaching emotional significance to stimuli

75
Q

What are the 2 efferent pathways of the amygdala?

A
  1. stria terminalis
  2. ventral amygdalofugal pathway
76
Q

which amydala pathway is described:

  • Small tract arising primarily from medial nuclei -

Terminates in hypothalamus, ventral striatum, and septal nuclei

77
Q

Which efferent pathway of the amygdala is being described:

Major efferent pathway arising from basolateral and central nuclei

  • Terminates in hypothalamus, ventral striatum, septal nuclei, limbic cerebral cortical areas, and PAG
A

Ventral amygdalofugal pathway

78
Q

What part of the brain Exerts most potent control over visceral processes of hypothalamus?

79
Q

Which part of the limbic system differentially modulates aggressive behavior, feeding and drinking behavior, and endocrine functions?

80
Q

amygdala plays a crucial response to stressors, such as fearful stimuli and stressful stimuli

81
Q

What role does the corticomedial nuclei of the amygdala as concerning aggressive behavior?

A

Stimulation- powerful, facilitating effect on defensive rage behavior

82
Q

What role does the corticomedial nuclei of the amygdala play as concerning feeding and drinking behavior?

A

Inhibitory effect

83
Q

What role does the corticomedial nuclei of the amygdala play as concerning ovulation?

A

Stimulation induces ovulation

84
Q

What role does the corticomedial nuclei of the amygdala play as concerning growth hormone?

A

Stimulation- inhibits GH release

85
Q

What role does the corticomedial nuclei of the amygdala play as concerning ACTH release?

A

Stimulation- inhibits release of ACTH

86
Q

What role does the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala play as concerning ACTH release?

A

Stimulation- facilitates release of ACTH

87
Q

What role does the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala play as concerning growth hormone?

A

Stimulation- facilitates release of GH

88
Q

What role does the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala play as concerning ovulation?

A

no role, except Transection of stria terminalis abolishes ovulation

89
Q

What role does the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala play as concerning feeding and drinking behavior?

A

facilitative effect

90
Q

What role does the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala play as concerning aggressive behavior?

A

Stimulation- produces opposite effect of - powerful, facilitating effect on defensive rage behavior

91
Q

Which disease process is described below?

Hypersexuality - Excessive eating (hyperphagia) - Decrease in anxiety toward fear-producing objects - Tendency to orally explore non-food objects (hyperorality) - Visual agnosia (can see but cannot recognize or interpret visual information) - Excessive attentiveness to visual stimuli with a tendency to touch every stimulus (hypermetamorphosis)

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

92
Q

Which psychiatric disorder is associated with:

Limbic system, frontal lobe, basal nuclei Dopamine (excess)

A

schizophrenia

93
Q

Which psychiatric disorder is associated with all of the follwing:

Orbitofrontal cortex, basal nuclei (especially head of caudate), anterior cingulate gyrus Serotonin (decrease)

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder

94
Q

Which psychiatric disorder is being described:

Functional imaging studies show inconsistent results

Increase in noradrenaline and serotonin

95
Q

Which psychiatric disorder is most associated with:

Cerebral cortex (especially prefrontal cortex),

hippocampus Neuroendocrine changes: increased cortisol, decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

A

depression

96
Q

What is the syndrome caused by amygdala ablation?

A

Kluver Bucy syndrome

97
Q

What structures provide input to the amygdala?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, brainstem, olfactory system, sensory info

98
Q

What are the 2 major efferent pathways of the amygdala?

A

stria terminalis, ventral amydalofugal pathway

99
Q

What are the 2 main thalamic nuclei involved in the basal nuclei connections to the limbic system?

ICOM - Mental Health (24 decks)

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