Eric Silk- Learning disabilities Flashcards
What mandates the provision of a free and appropriate public school education for students with a disability that adversely affects academic performance that are in need of special education and related services.?
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
What s a legal document for children who need special education services?
Individualized Education Program (IEP)
What is the guide for how a student will receive academic accommodations?
504 plan
How many students between the agest of 3-21 received special educaiton services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?
14%
Among students receiving special education services, percent had specific learning disabilities.”
33
Specific disability means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations, including conditions such as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia.
learning
What is a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations
specific learning disability
What are the 5 conditions that can be included in specific learning disability?
perceptual disabilities,
brain injury,
minimal brain dysfunction,
dyslexia, and
developmental aphasia.
What are the disorders not included under the umbrella of specific learning disability?
visual, hearing, or motor disabilities, of intellectual disability, of emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage.
What are the 7 learning disability categories of the LDA?
● Auditory Processing Disorder
● Dyscalculia (difficulty with math, calculations)
● Dysgraphia (difficulty with writing)
● Dyslexia (difficulty with reading)
● Language Processing Disorder
● Nonverbal Learning Disabilities
● Visual Perceptual/Visual Motor Deficit
Learning disabilities are learning problems that occur in the absence/prescence of other obvious conditions.
absence
What 2 items replaced “learning disability” in the DSM 5?
communication disorders
specific learning disorders
Communication disorders and specific learning disorders affect how individuals of at least intelligence take in, retain, or express information.
normal
What are the 6 neurodevelopmental disorders listed in the DSM-5?
Intellectual Disabilities
Communication Disorders
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Motor Disorders
Specific Learning Disorder
Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)
Global Developmental Delay
Unspecified Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)
all fall under which category of neurodevelopmental disorders?
Intellectual disabilities
What are some examples of intellectual disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)?
FAS
Down’s
Fragile X
What is global developmental delay under the neurodevelopmental disorder category intellecual disabilities?
delay in developmental mile stones
In which category of intellectual disabilities will disorders a clinician doesn’t have enough info for or doesn’t want to specify the specific cause?
Unspecified Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)
Speech Sound Disorder - formerly known as Phonological Disorder, difficulties in productive speech.
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering) - disturbance in the normal flow and time patterns of speech.
Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder - problems using verbal and nonverbal communication for social purposes.
Unspecified Communication Disorder
Are all examples of what category of neurodevelopmental disorders in DSM 5?
communication disorders
What communication disorder is formerly known as Phonological Disorder, difficulties in productive speech?
Speech Sound Disorder
What communication disorder is - disturbance in the normal flow and time patterns of speech.?
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
What communicattion disorder consists of - problems using verbal and nonverbal communication for social purposes?
Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder
Which neurodevelopmental disorder is Characterized by impairment in social communication and interaction (social skills) and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities?
***May or may not have language and/or intellectual impairment.***
ASD
What are the support levels for autism spectrum disorder?
Level 1 “Requiring Support”
Level 2 “Requiring Substantial Support”
Level 3 “Requiring Very Substantial Support
What are the 3 main categories of the neurodevelopmental disorder Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
Predominantly Inattentive Presentation
Predominantly Hyperactive/Impulsive Presentation
Combined Presentation
Other Specified Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Unspecified Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder
What are the severity levels of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
Mild, Moderate, Severe
What are the 5 categories of motor disorders under neurodevelopmental disorders?
Developmental Coordination Disorder - delay in motor skills or difficulty coordinating movements.
Stereotypic Movement Disorder - repetitive, purposeless movements.
Tic Disorders - Tourette’s disorder, Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder.
Other Specified Tic Disorder
Unspecified Tic Disorder
What developmental disorder is the delay in motor skills or difficulty coordinating movements.?
Developmental Coordination Disorder
What motor disorder is described as repetitive, purposeless movements?
Stereotypic Movement Disorder
Tourette’s disorder, Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder are all under which category of motor disorders?
Tic disorders
Which neurodevelopmental disorder includes impairment in reading, mathematics, and/or writing.
specific learning disorder
Under the specific learning disorder category, the different learning disorders and build on the same brain functions. A person can/cannot have more than one form of learning disorder.
overlap
can
“The biological origin includes an interaction of genetic, epigenetic, and factors, which affect the brain’s ability to perceive or process verbal or nonverbal information efficiently and accurately.”
environmental
What are 3 important risk factors for specific learning disorders?
prematurity
low birth weight
prenatal exposure to nicotine
Specific learning disorder appears to aggregate in , particularly when affecting reading, mathematics, and spelling - times higher in first-degree relatives with LD
families
4 to 10
The prevalence of specific learning disorder across the academic domains of reading, writing, and mathematics is among school-age children across different languages and cultures
5%–15%
What is the prevalence of specific learning disorders in adults?
4%
Specific learning disorder is more common in males/females?
males at a ratio of 2:1 to 3:1
Specific learning disorder commonly/uncommonly co-occurs with neurodevelopmental disorders (ADHD, communication disorders, developmental coordination disorder, autistic spectrum disorder) or other mental disorders (anxiety disorders, depressive and bipolar disorders).
commonly
Which comorbidity is present with those diagnosed with a specific learning disorder about 50% of the time?
ADHD
Other than ADHD, what are some other neurodevelopmental disorder comorbidities with specific learning disorders?
communication disorders,
developmental coordination disorder,
autistic spectrum disorder
What are 3 mental disorders that can co-occur with specific learning disorders?
anxiety disorders,
depressive and
bipolar disorders
Specific Learning Disorder Diagnosisis determined by achievement test results that are than would be expected for one’s age, schooling, and intellectual ability.
lower
What discrepancy of standard deviations between the IQ findings and the actual achievement test findings in a child indicate a specific learning disorder?
more than two standard deviations (sometimes 1.5 SD)
Who was the first to develop IQ tests?
Binet
What does an IQ test compare?
mental age vs normative age
(how well others do that are the same age)
What are Sternberg’s 3 types of intelligence?
practical intelligence,
creative intelligence,
analytical intelligence
What are Gardner’s 8 intelligences?
● Musical-rhythmic and harmonic
● Visual-spatial
● Verbal-linguistic
● Logical-mathematical
● Bodily-kinesthetic
● Interpersonal
● Intrapersonal
● Naturalistic
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) - IV version is current
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) - V version is current
Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales - SB5 is current
Tests generate a Full Scale IQ (FSIQ, formerly IQ)
are all examples of ?
IQ tests
What are the 4 IQ tests and which one is not as common?
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) - IV version is current
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) - V version is current
Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales - SB5 is current
Tests generate a Full Scale IQ (FSIQ, formerly IQ)
Review the WISC-V Index scors and subtests
This is an example of what under fluid reasoning?
figure weights
This is an example of what under fluid reasoning of the WISC-V IQ test?
matrix reasoning
What are the 7 Weschsler Range Descriptors and corresponging number values?
IQ testing evaluates:
Overall evaluation.
Diagnosis of learning .
Determination of .
Prediction of academic achievement.
Diagnosis of neurological and disorders.
Evaluation of the potential of
cognitive
disabilities
giftedness
future
psychiatric
employees.
What is the major concern of IQ tests?
***Major concerns regarding cultural bias***
What kind of testing is Norm-referenced standardized test intended to measure an individual’s current level of skill or knowledge in a given subject.?
Acheivement testing
What is the distinction between intelligence tests and achievement tests?
achievement tests emphasize ability acquired through formal learning or training, whereas intelligence tests (aptitude tests) emphasize innate potential.
Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT)
Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement (KTEA)
Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement (WJ)
Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT-R)
Wide Range Achievement Test, 5th Ed. (WRAT-5)
are all examplet of :
acheivement tests
The Bell curve allows what 2 comparisons within an individual?
General Learning Versus Specific Learning
How can specific learning deficits be diagnosed?
compare innate ability (IQ) with there achievement in specific areas
diagnosed when there are specific deficits in an individual’s ability to perceive or process information efficiently and accurately
What type of data is used in IQ and achievement tests?
objective data
“These individuals may be able to sustain apparently adequate academic functioning by using
strategies, extraordinarily high effort, or support, until the learning demands or assessment procedures (e.g., timed tests) pose barriers to their demonstrating their learning or accomplishing required tasks” (National Joint Commission on Learning Disabilities, 2011)
compensatory
What are the 8 areas of Specific Learning Disability according to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA)?
● Basic Reading Skills (BRS)
● Reading Comprehension (RC)
● Reading Fluency (RF)
● Math Calculation (MC)
● Math Problem Solving (MPS)
● Written Expression (WE)
● Oral Expression (OE)
● Listening Comprehension (LC)
Which 2 of the 8 specific areas of specific learning disability of the IDEIA are more communication based?
● Oral Expression (OE)
● Listening Comprehension (LC)
What is - difficulty with reading?
dyslexia
People with dyslexia have difficulty connecting letters they see on a page with the sounds they make. As a result, reading becomes a slow, effortful and not a fluent process for them.Common misconception that all children with dyslexia only write letters backwards or if a child writes letters backwards they have dyslexia.
What is difficulties with putting one’s thoughts into written language. Difficulties with spelling, grammar, punctuation, and handwriting?
dysgraphia
What is- difficulties learning number related concepts or using the symbols and functions to perform math. Problems with math can include difficulties with number sense, memorizing math facts, math calculations, math reasoning, or math problem solving.
dyscalculia
How many of the following symptoms and for how long must they be present in order to have a diagnosis of specific learning disorder?
○ Inaccurate or slow and effortful word reading (e.g., reads single words aloud incorrectly or slowly and hesitantly, frequently guesses words, has difficulty sounding out words).
○ Difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read (e.g., may read text accurately but not understand the sequence, relationships, inferences, or deeper meanings of what is read).
○ Difficulties with spelling (e.g., may add, omit, or substitute vowels or consonants).
○ Difficulties with written expression (e.g., makes multiple grammatical or punctuation errors within sentences; employs poor paragraph organization; written expression of ideas lacks clarity).
○ Difficulties mastering number sense, number facts, or calculation (e.g., has poor understanding of numbers, their magnitude, and relationships; counts on fingers to add single-digit numbers instead of recalling the math fact as peers do; gets lost in the midst of arithmetic computation and may switch procedures).
○ Difficulties with mathematical reasoning (e.g., has severe difficulty applying mathematical concepts, facts, or procedures to solve quantitative problems).
Difficulties learning and using academic skills, as indicated by the presence of at least one of the following symptoms that have persisted for at least 6 months
As concerning specific learning disabilities
The affected academic skills are substantially and quantifiably those expected for the individual’s chronological , and cause significant/minor interference with academic or occupational performance, or with activities of daily living, as confirmed by individually administered standardized achievement measures and comprehensive clinical assessment.
below
age
significant
For individuals age 17 years and older, a documented of impairing learning difficulties may be substituted for the standardized assessment.
history
As concerning specific learning disabilities:
The learning difficulties begin during -age years but may not become fully manifest until the demands for those affected academic skills the individual’s limited capacities (e.g., as in timed tests, reading or writing lengthy complex reports for a tight deadline, excessively heavy academic loads).
school
exceed
As concerning specific learning disabilities:
. The learning difficulties are not better accounted for by disabilities, uncorrected visual or auditory acuity, other mental or neurological disorders, adversity, lack of proficiency in the language of instruction, or inadequate educational instruction.
intellectual
psychosocial
academic
How many diagnostic criteria for specific learning disabilities?
4
Specific learning disabilities can include impairments with reading, written expression, and mathematics…….
Which category is being described:
○ Word reading accuracy
○ Reading rate or fluency
○ Reading comprehension
○ Note: Dyslexia is an alternative term used to refer to a pattern of learning difficulties characterized by problems with accurate or fluent word recognition, poor decoding, and poor spelling abilities. If dyslexia is used to specify this particular pattern of difficulties, it is important also to specify any additional difficulties that are present, such as difficulties with reading comprehension or math reasoning.
315.00 (F81.0) With impairment in reading:
What is an alternative term used to refer to a pattern of learning difficulties characterized by problems with accurate or fluent word recognition, poor decoding, and poor spelling abilities.
dyslexia
Specific learning disabilities can include impairments with reading, written expression, and mathematics…….
Which category is being described:
○ Spelling accuracy
○ Grammar and punctuation accuracy
○ Clarity or organization of written expression
315.2 (F81.81) With impairment in written expression:
Specific learning disabilities can include impairments with reading, written expression, and mathematics…….
Which category is being described:
○ Number sense
○ Memorization of arithmetic facts
○ Accurate or fluent calculation
○ Accurate math reasoning
What is an alternative term used to refer to a pattern of difficulties characterized by problems processing numerical information, learning arithmetic facts, and performing accurate or fluent calculations?
dyscalculia
How to distinguish mild, moderate and severe specific learning disabilities:
mild: : Some difficulties learning skills in one or two academic domains
moderate: Marked difficulties learning skills in one or more academic domains
severe: Severe difficulties learning skills, affecting several academic domains, so that the individual is unlikely to learn those skills without ongoing intensive individualized and specialized teaching for most of the school years.
What are the 2 interventions for specific learning disabilities based on educational environment?
Plan evidence-based interventions.
Tailor the education to the unique pattern of cognitive and academic strengths and weaknesses.
Academic interventions for specific learning disabilities includes (MARC) which stands for what?
Modification: change content of material.
Accommodation: changes conditions under which learning occurs.
Remediation: intervention designed to improve deficits - Response to Intervention (RTI).
Compensation: bypass or minimize the deficits
