Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Upper Limb > Shoulder conditions > Flashcards

Shoulder conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the shoulder joint prone to dislocation?

A

Because it’s very mobile but not as stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In what direction does the humeral head usually move with a shoulder joint dislocation? Why?

A

Downwards
Because the coracoacromial arch and rotator cuff muscles prevent it dislocating upwards
and joint capsule is weakest inferiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two types of shoulder joint dislocations?

A

Anterior

Posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are anterior and posterior shoulder joint dislocations named?

A

Based on where the humeral head lies in relation to the infraglennoid tubercle
and long head of triceps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are anterior shoulder joint dislocations caused by in terms of movement?

A

Excessive extension

Excessive lateral rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What direction is the humeral head forced in with an anterior shoulder joint dislocation?

A

Anteriorly and inferiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What effect do muscles have on the humeral head with a shoulder joint dislocation?

A

Flexor and adductor muscles pull it further anteriorly and superiorly
in a subcoracoid position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the patient present their arm with an anterior shoulder joint dislocation?

A

Slightly abducted

Laterally rotated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What nerve is at risk of damage in a shoulder joint dislocation?

A

Axillary nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What would damage to the axillary nerve result in?

A

Paralysis of deltoid, loss of shoulder abduction

Loss of sensation in upper lateral arm - regimental badge area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some other complications of a shoulder joint dislocation, apart from nerve injury?

A

Bankart lesion

Hill-sachs lesion

Axillary artery damage

Rotator cuff injury

Associated fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a Bankart lesion?

A

Anterior inferior glennoid labrum is stripped off
Joint capsule is ruptured
Injury to inferior glenohumeral ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a Hill-Sachs lesion?

A

Dentation of posterior lateral head of humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What causes a Hill-Sachs lesion?

A

Humeral head hitting the anterior glennoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hill-Sachs lesion is more common in first or recurrent shoulder joint dislocations? Why?

A

Recurrent

Have had more opportunities for damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What may be fractured in a shoulder joint dislocation?

A

Head of humerus

Greater tubercle

Acromion, clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What implications does tearing of the joint capsule have with a shoulder joint dislocation?

A

Increased risk of future dislocations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What causes a posterior shoulder joint dislocation?

A

Electric shock, seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens in a posterior shoulder joint dislocation?

A

Uncontrolled muscle contractions

Strength imbalance of rotator cuff muscles pulls humeral head out of place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What direction is the humeral head pulled in with a posterior shoulder joint dislocation?

A

Posteriorly and inferiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does the patient present their arm with a posterior shoulder joint dislocation?

A

Adducted

Medially rotated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the signs of a posterior shoulder joint dislocation?

A

Square shoulder

Prominent coracoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What sign is seen on an X-ray with a posterior shoulder joint dislocation?

A

Lightbulb sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are anterior shoulder joint dislocations or posterior shoulder joint dislocations more common?

A

Anterior shoulder joint dislocations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which part of the humerus is fractured in a surgical neck fracture?

A

Surgical neck of humerus duh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What causes a humeral neck fracture?

A

Direct blow to area

Fall outo an outstrecthed hand
force transmitted up the bones of the upper limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What type of a fracture is a humeral neck fracture usually?

A

An impacted fracture - one bony fragment driven into spongey bone of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why do impacted fractures need less intervention?

A

Fracture is relatively stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does the patient present their arm with a humeral neck fracture?

A

Can move it with some pain

30
Q

What neurovascular structures are at risk of damage with a humeral neck fracture?

A

Axillary nerve

Posterior circumflex humeral artery

31
Q

What would damage to the axillary nerve result in?

A

Paralysis of deltoid muscle, loss of shoulder abduction

Loss of sensation in upper lateral arm - regimental badge area

31
Q

What is shoulder impingement?

A

Rotator cuff tendons becoming compressed during shoulder movements
causes them to become inflamed which exacerbates the problem

32
Q

What are the causes of shoulder impingement?

A

Anything that decreases the subacromial space

33
Q

What is the subacromial space?

A

The space between the acromion and the humeral head

34
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of shoulder impingement?

A

Painful arc

Positive result for Hawkin’s test

Movement affected

35
Q

What can decrease the size of the subacromial space?

A

Bursitis - inflammation of subacromial bursa

Rotator cuff tendinitis - inflammation of rotator cuff tendons

Calcium deposits

Subacromial spurs

Varations in shape if acromion

36
Q

What is the painful arc?

A

Pain when abducting arm 60-120 degrees approx

37
Q

Why is pain experienced during the painful arc and Hawkin’s test with shoulder impingement?

A

Because the subacromial space becomes smaller

Compresses tendons further

38
Q

What is Hawkin’s test?

A

Forward flexing shoulder 90degrees
Flexing elbow 90degrees
Medially rotating arm

39
Q

What are you looking for in Hawkin’s test?

A

Pain

40
Q

How is movement affected with shoulder impingement?

A

Loss of flexion and abduction

41
Q

What is calcific supraspinatus tendinitis?

A

Deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals on supraspinatus tendon

42
Q

What do the calcium deposits cause?

A

Inflammation of supraspinatus tendon

Inflammation of subacromial bursa

43
Q

What is the result of calcific supraspinatus tendinitis?

A

Shoulder impingement

45
Q

What is a rotator cuff tear?

A

Tear in one or more tendons of the four rotator cuff muscles

46
Q

What are the causes of a rotator cuff tear?

A

Shoulder impingement

Injuries e.g. shoulder joint dislocation

Degeneration with ageing

46
Q

How do rotator cuff tears affect movement? Why?

A

Restricted movement - loss of muscle function

Painful movement - stretching of torn muscles

47
Q

What are the types of rotator cuff tears? What do they each mean?

A

Partial thickness - fraying of intact tendon

Full thickness - hole in tendon, tendon detached from humerus

48
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Breakdown of articulating surfaces, cartilage and bone

49
Q

What are the X-ray features of osteoarthritis?

A

Joint space narrowing

Osteophyte formation

Bone cysts

Subchondral sclerosis

50
Q

What are osteophytes?

A

Bony spurs due to new bone formation

at margins of articulating surfaces

51
Q

What are bone cysts?

A

Fluid filled sacs beneath articular cartilage

52
Q

How does osteoarthritis affect joints?

A

Joints are inflamed - swollen, painful

Stiff

Deformed

Decreased range of motion (ROM)

53
Q

What is subchondral sclerosis?

A

Increased bone density beneath articular cartilage

54
Q

What is a mid-clavicular fracture?

A

Fracture in middle of clavicle

55
Q

Where do mid-clavicular fractures usually occur? Why?

A

Between middle and lateral third

because it’s weaker here

56
Q

What are the causes of a mid-clavicular fracture?

A

Falling directly on shoulder

Falling on an outstretched hand, force transmitted up upper limb bones

57
Q

How does the medial fragment displace?

A

Superiorly

by sternocleidomastoid muscle

58
Q

How does the lateral fragment displace?

A

Inferiorly by weight of deltoid and arm

Medially by pull of pectoralis major

59
Q

Why is there shortening of the clavicle in a mid-clavicular fracture?

A

Due to the fragments over-riding each other

60
Q

What does a damaged suprascapular nerve result in?

A

Loss of infraspinatus function, lateral rotation

Unopposed medial rotation - waiters tip

61
Q

Which neurovascular structures are at risk of injury in a mid-clavicular artery?

A

Divisions and cords of brachial plexus

Suprascapular nerve

Subclavian artery

62
Q

Which neruovascular structures are at most risk of injury in a mid-shaft humeral fracture?

A

Radial nerve

Profunda brachii artery

63
Q

What is another complication of a mid-clavicular fracture, apart from neurovascular complications?

A

Pneumothorax

bony fragments may pierce parietal pleura, allowing air to enter, lung collapses

64
Q

What are the consequences of damage to radial neve in a mid-shaft humeral fracture?

A

Loss of function on posterior compartment of forearm
loss of wrist extension, giving unopposed flexion
wrist drop

Loss of sensation in dorsal surface of lateral 3.5 fingers and area below them (not tips = median nerve)

65
Q

Why is elbow extension maintained in a mid-shaft humeral fracture?

A

Radial nerve has already given off branches to the three heads of triceps brachii

Loss of function in anconeus but has only a minor role in elbow extension

66
Q

What is the cubital tunnel?

A

Tunnel through which ulnar nerve passes into forearm

67
Q

What forms the cubital tunnel?

A

Ligament joining medial epicondyle

to olecranon and posterior border of ulna

68
Q

What are the symptoms of cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

Same as lesion of ulnar nerve at elbow, wrist

see wrist and hand conditions

69
Q

What is cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

Compression of ulnar nerve at elbow

70
Q

What is anaesthesia?

What is paraesthesia?

A

Anasthesia - numbness

Paraesthesia - tingling

Upper Limb (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions