SHB Category: G Training Flashcards
Pages 254-285 Left off on page 271
Man’s most effective method of communication with the horse are what?
Hearing (voice command) and touch
When should halter training begin?
Before the wearing process or just after weaning before the horse gets too large to handle
What is the scientific name for the donkey?
Equus asinus
What 2 factors influence the behavior of the performing horse?
Hereditary and environment
What term means the knowledge of the skills necessary for the riding and care of horses?
Horsemanship
What are the most common cues used in horse training?
Voice commands and pressures
Placing insufficient emphasis on temperament is a common mistake by whom?
First time horse owners
Who has the better sense of hearing, horse or man?
Horses
Horses afflicted with pulmonary hemorrhage are called what?
Bleeders
Primary and secondary reinforcement may be divided into what general types?
Positive and negative
How many inches are in one hand?
4
How do horses establish “pecking orders”?
By fighting
When is a horse most apt to strike at another horse?
When there is nose to nose contact
What is the term for a fully trained horse?
Finished
One year in a horse’s life is equal to how many year’s of man’s life?
3 years of man
Give an example of a primary reinforcement.
Feed
Members of what breed of horses are among the most highly trained horses in the world?
Lippizans
What is the initial step in training?
Teaching horse to accept the halter and to lead
What is the proper way to use a hoof pick?
Pick should be run from the heels towards the toe
What are protective pieces (usually made of metal) fastened to the bottom of a horse’s hooves that protect the wall?
Shoes
What is a bad habit that can affect a horse’s usefulness?
Vice
Behavior in a performing horse is the result of what 2 influences?
Heredity and environment
Which vice may be a sign of fungus, lice, or worms?
Tail rubbing
In very cold weather, what should be done to the bit of prior to placing it in the horse’s mouth?
Warm it
How is dominance in horses established?
By fighting or aggression
When training a horse to neck rein, is the direct rein or bearing rein introduced first?
Direct rein
Which leg is the near leg
Left leg
What is a cue?
A signal that causes a response
When measuring a horse in hands, where would the measurement be made?
From the highest point of the withers and straight down to the ground
What are stimuli that can naturally cause a response with no prior practice?
Unconditioned stiumli
What term describes when a horse attacks or savages an unsuspecting attendant in a stall or paddock?
Charging
What term describes a bad habit that may affect the horse’s usefulness or be dangerous to itself or handlers?
Vice
The temperament of a horse is expressed by what?
Eyes and ears
Name 3 factors that influence the social rank of horses.
Age, early experience, weight, size, aggressive personality, timid personality
Give 5 reasons for a horse to have behavior disorders.
Confinement, restrictions of exercise, boredom, being left alone, poor handling, mismanagement, poor nutrition, bad experiences
Hooves should always be picked in which direction?
Heel to toe
What type of behavior is exhibited by horses huddled together during inclement weather?
Contactual behavior
What is a forward and sideways kicking action that hits the handler while standing at the horse’s side?
Cowkick
When a horse is exercised, is its energy need increased or decreased?
Increased
What is allelomimetic behavior?
Copying or mimicry
Which of the horse’s senses is being developed as it learns to respond to the rider’s hands, legs, and weight?
Sense of touch
When referring to a group of animals, what is the more common term for dominance heirarchy?
Pecking orders
What horse identification method corresponds to fingerprinting?
Matching chestnuts on the horse’s legs
What size horse shoe would usually fit an average sized horse?
Number 1 shoe
Horse training reinforcements are of 2 general types-name them.
Positive and negative reinforcements
Name 2 methods of conditioning with adversive stimuli.
Punishment, escape, avoidance,
When trailering a mare and foal, should both the mare and foal be tied or just the mare and not the foal?
Just the mare should be tied
What is used to help load a reluctant horse in a trailer?
Butt ropes
What is a habit in which the horse rolls his food into a ball and drops it on the ground?
Quidding
How does the horse use its binocular vision?
To judge or see distance objects
What is geophagia?
Eating of dirt
Which is stronger: the horse’s sense of sight or of hearing?
Hearing
What type of behavior is exhibited when horses show care and attention to each other, especially the care between a mare and her foal?
Epimeletic behavior
What term describes the behavior of a mare giving attention to her foal?
Epimeletic behavior (care giving)
What term describes the olfaction of the male horse, when he extends his neck upward and curls his lip in the presence of a mare in estrus?
Flehman response
What is the oldest means of identification for permanently marking a horse?
Hot iron branding
Describe the body condition of a horse that has a gutter or crease down its back.
Fat or obese
How long should a new horse ideally be isolated before being added to the herd?
30 days
What type of behavior is exhibited by signaling for care and attention by calling a movements?
Et-epimeletic behavior
What type of behavior is the taking of food and water into the digestive tract?
Ingestive behavior
What term describes the ‘reward’ type of training?
Positive reinforcement
The horse’s ability to focus on objects is limited by the distance of the object. Within what range is a horse’s vision primarily blurred?
Within 3 feet or less
The trainer manipulates the environment by dividing it into what 3 elements?
Stimulus, reinforcements, and responses
What is the first step in learning to stop or back correctly?
Learning to flex at the poll when pressure is applied on the bit
Which type of stimulus is used most commonly in the trained horse?
Conditioned stimulus
Learning to cross the front legs is the first step of learning what?
Spin or roll-back
What is elimination behavior?
Behavior that involves urination or defecation
What type of behavior is exhibited by both young and adult horses signaling for care and attention by calling or movement?
Et-epimeletic behavior
What type of behavior includes submission, attempts to escape, aggression or fighting?
Agonistic behavior
The basis of the psychology of horse training is the relationship of what 3 factors on each other?
Stimulus, responses & reinforcements
Dressage is derived rom a French word that means what?
Training
What is the term used in training horses that refers to specific types of behavior?
Responses
Why must a trainer start with basic cues?
They are closer to being natural & easier to learn
Into what 2 broad categories can you divide reinforcements?
Primary & secondary
Which of the 2 categories of stimulus are most commonly used by horsemen?
Conditioned
What is the most common term for conditioned stimulus in training?
Cues
What is the average weight of a race horse shoe?
About 6 - 10 ounces
What is Et-epimeletic behavior?
Both young & adult horses signaling for care & attention by calling or movement
How is wood chewing different from cribbing?
Wood chewing does not force swallow gulps of air
What is the average weight of a saddle horse shoe?
About 12 or 14 ounces
What is good general rule when selecting a horse as far as the amount of training of the horse?
More inexperienced the rider the better trained the horse should be
Which can a horse inflict the more damage with, a kick or a bite?
Both can be equally damaging
Name 2 characteristics that overactive ears suggest about a horse?
Nervous disposition or difficulty in perceiving sight or sound
What type of behavior is also referred to as contagious or infectious behavior?
Allelomimetic behavior
What type of behavior involves the sensory inspection of the environment & involves one or all of the horse’s senses?
Investigative behavior
What is it called when a stallion curls its upper lip & extends his neck during the teasing of a mare?
Flehmen response
Describe the correct process for presenting a new cue to horses.
Present the new cue followed by the old cue, make sure that the timing is close enough to slightly overlap
When are most of the growth plates closed in a young horse?
About 3 years old
When the horse is generally compared to other animals, it does not rank high on the tests for intelligence & it doesn’t have an ability to reason How does it learn while having these limitations?
Learns to respond to very subtle cues or aids & possesses an outstanding memory.
Why should a trainer of a young horse, use voice commands more than other cues?
Horses utilize their sense of hearing better then their other senses
Learning to flex at the poll when pressure is applied o the bit is the first step in learning what?
Stop or back correctly
Name a secondary positive reinforce for the horse.
General acts of kindness (pat on the neck)
Horses standing head-to-tail in the shade & mutually fighting flies for each other is what type of behavior?
Epimeletic
In degrees, what is the field of vision for each eye?
215 degrees
What exercise is used to increase stamina, wind & muscle tone while preventing trauma to feet & legs caused by concussion?
Swimming
Which are the 2 most dangerous vices to man?
Biting & kicking
If your horse gets cut on a sharp metal object, what type of wound would this most likely be?
Incision
Where are the horse’s blind spots?
Behind its hindquarters & below his head
What are the 3 most sensitive areas to touch on a horse’s body?
Around the eyes, ears & nose
What is the horse’s primary behavioral characteristic of self protection?
Flight
What type of behavior is seeking affection or protection?
Contactual
What is the average rate of hoof wall growth per month & how often do mature horses need their hooves trimmed?
1/4 to 1/2 inch per month, making shoeing or trimming necessary every 6 - 8 weeks
Which organization began in 1980 & has an official publication called Aside World?
World sidesaddle Federation, Inc.
What term applies to a horse that belongs to a specific breed & has ‘papers’ to document its ancestors?
Registered horse
What is it called when fluid accumulates below the knee & hocks after long periods of standing?
Stocking up or leg edema
Horses that are base-narrow & toe in or toe out will have uneven wear of the hoof wall. Which part of the wall will wear down faster?
Outside wall is worn down at a faster rate than the inside wall
How does freeze branding work?
It destroys pigment cells of the skin causing regrowth of hair on frozen area to be white
What solution can you give to help a horse suffering from heat cramps?
Electrolytes
In training horses, what is a conditioned response?
Response that is learned through practiced
If you can easily feel a horse’s ribs through a thick winter hair coat, what kind of body condition would you find?
Horse that is too thin
What is agonistic behavior?
Behavior that involves submission, attempts to escape, aggression or fighting
Give 3 reasons for horses chewing on the bark of trees & tail chewing
They like to chew wood, or deprivation of roughage or nutrients, boredom, lack of exercise, imitating other horses
The nails on an attached horse shoe should be parallel to what part of the horse?
Coronary band
What piece of equipment is used to remove the burr of the wall underneath the nil clinch?
Clinching gauge
What term describes the ingestion of feces?
Coprophagia
Describe the Y-Tex corporation system of alpha characters for freeze branding horses.
Alpha characters used to identify the breed, 2 stacked angles represent the year of birth, 6 side by side underlined angles designate identification or serial number of horse
What are the 2 primary types of policies for insuring a horse’s life?
All Risks Mortality(ARM) or full mortality & Specialized Perils (such as FLT-fire, lightning & transportation accidents)
What are the 3 most common horse shoe nail sizes?
4,5 & 6
Horses will likely establish this area in a pasture or paddock and will not graze in that area until there is no other source of feed. What is this area called and which type of behavior is being practiced?
Elimination Area and Elimination behavior
Which event can be compared to ballet training because it progressively develops the horses musculature and coordination until the horses carriage and beauty are free to be displayed to the maximum of the horses ability?
Dressage
What is the term for the examination performed on sale horses by the buyers veterinarian prior to the final sale approval?
Pre-purchase exam
What is the highest level of certification in the American riding instructor certification program?
Instructor/Educator
Unscrupulous horse dealers may use silver nitrate to burn cups into worn incisions what is this practice called?
Bishoping
What is the main cause of horse barn fires?
Human carelessness while smoking
What is the rhythmical swaying back and forth while standing at the stall door?
Weaving
What is it called when a farrier removes flares on the hoof wall?
Dressing or shaping the hoof
What 2 effects can artificial lighting produce on horses?
Aids in shedding hair and estrus schedules
What piece of equipment is used to remove dead sole fro the hard, dry hooves?
sole knife
Name the 3 classifications of vices.
Dangerous to the handler, dangerous to the horse, nuisance habits
What piece of equipment is used to pare away the dead sole from the hoof, remove ragged parts from the frog, relieve pressure on corns and cracks, and to remove foreign bodies from the foot?
Hoof knife
What piece of equipment is used to shape and make shoes?
Rounding or turning hammer
What is ingestive behavior?
behavior that involves taking of food or water into the digestive tract
What are outward distortions on the hoof wall called?
flares or wings
What type of behavior involves coping the behavior of another horse?
Alleomimetic behavior
What is caused by a constant irritation to a part of the sole usually from poor shoeing?
corns
What piece of equipment is used to draw down the clinches?
Clinchers (clinching tongs)
What piece of equipment is used to hold hot shoes while shaping although they can also be used to hold cold shoes?
Fire tongs
What term describes one who trims and applies shoes to the horse’s hooves?
Farrier
What type of behavior occurs in hoofed animals recognized by a marked lip curling and is often seen in stallions although mares do the same thing?
Flehmen reflex
What piece of equipment is designed for easy removal of driven nails from creased or fullered shoes and can also be used to pull nails from pads on showhorses?
Crease nail puller
What piece of equipment is used to cut off clinches, turned-over or wrung off nails to an equal length?
nail cutters (nail nippers)
The oxidative phosphorylation breaks down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy (ATP) with the involvement of oxygen, what type of exercise is this?
Aerobic (uses oxygen)
Name 2 factors that make today’s horses more docile, more trainable, and more tractable than those of 30 years ago?
Heredity and increased handling at earlier ages
What type of shavings would not be used for bedding because horses can develop founder from it?
Black walnut
What is the Horse’s most important sense for responding to cues from the rider?
Sense of touch
Name 2 general types of clinchers used by farriers.
Saddle horse clinchers, gooseneck clinchers, draft horse clinchers
What type of behavior is the giving of care and attention between a mare and a foal?
Epimeletic behavior
What term describes a horse who does not want to leave the barn because he feels safer there?
barn sour horse
The North American Equine Ranching Information council represents who?
Professional ranchers who manage nearly 500 pregnant mares Urine (PMU) ranchers
What is the function of PMU ranching?
Collection of pregnant mares urine for the key source of hormones used in the worlds leading estrogen replacement therapy–used to treat osteoporosis and relieve short term symptoms of menopause
What piece of equipment is used to open the nail holes on the shoe to receive the horse shoeing nail?
Pritchel
What is aerophagia?
Wind sucking (similar to cribbing not pneumovagina)
What term is used by behaviorists to refer to training the horse?
Shaping
Explain metabolic specificity of exersize.
One must train specifically for that particular event to be good at it (training for 1/2 race will not make horse it’s best for running 1 1/2 mile race)
What piece of equipment consists of two parts: the blade and the point, and is used to set or raise the clinchers and to punch nail holes and broken stubs out of the hoof?
Clinch cutter
What piece of equipment is designed to protect the horseshoer’s legs from unfinished driven nails and hoof cutting tools that may slip while in use?
Horseshoeing apron
What piece of equipment is used to drive horseshoe nails and to turn over or wring off nails after they have been driven to the proper height?
Driving hammer
What piece of equipment is sometimes called the shoeing hammer?
Driving hammer
How can pinchers or pull offs be easily distinguished from nippers at a glance?
Pinchers have knobs on the ends of the handles
What piece of equipment is used to remove shoes, nail stubs, and improperly driven nails?
Pull offs or pinchers
What piece of equipment is used to determine the exact half angle and toe length so the corresponding pair of feet can be trimmed the same length and angle?
Hoof gauge (divider or rule)
What is the average weight of a draft horse shoe?
about 16 ounces
What piece of equipment is used to remove the surplus growth of the wall?
Hoof nippers
What are 4 signs of aging in a horse?
drooping lower hip, sway back, deep hollows above eyes, graying hair, changes in teeth
What does the term “response” refer to in horse training?
Acts or movements of the horse
What is the term for when and how often a response is reinforced during the training process?
Schedule of reinforcement
What piece of equipment is used to make a level bearing surface after the hoof has been trimmed and to dress a distorted or flaring foot?
Rasp
What type of behavior involves the taking of food or water into the digestive tract?
Ingestive behavior
Name 3 problems that can result from wood chewing.
Mouth infections, colic, excessive tooth wear
What is the first thing that should be done for a horse suffering from heat exhaustion?
Spray them with cold water and move them to shade
what kind of shoe is used to support a horse with navicular problems?
bar shoe– pressure of the horse’s heel
What does the capital E stand for in freeze branding?
unregistered or grade horse
What is a pritchel used for?
To open nail holes in a horse shoe
What is another name for a machine-made horseshoe?
Keg shoe
What is the 28 hour law?
Law in US that prohibits transporting livestock for a period longer than 28 consecutive hours without unloading, feeding, watering, and resting for at least five hours before resuming transportation
Name 4 major ways to estimate a horse’s age by the appearance of their teeth.
Occurrence of permanent teeth, disappearance of cups, shape of surface of permanent teeth, and angle of teeth
Name four forms of doing business as related to horse ownership and horse management.
Sole proprietorship, partnership, syndicate, S corporation, regular coporation
What is the normal range of the horse’s heart rate, when it is running or swimming?
210-240 beats per minute
Give 4 reasons why exercising a horse in a swimming pool is beneficial for the horse.
Increases wind, improves muscle tone, increases stamina, prevents concussion to limbs
What type of balance of the hoof take into account the horse’s conformation and its prime consideration that will provide for the need of most breeds?
Geometric or static
What type of balance of the hoof deals with the alteration of foot movement and involves corrective shoeing?
Functional or dynamic balance
The functional balance of the horse’s hoof has 3 dimensions around the X, Y, and Z axes. Horseman refer to these characteristics as what?
X= foot fall Y= lateral swing and Z= animation
Name 6 vices that are dangerous to horses.
Fighting, shying, cribbing, wood chewing, eating bedding, manure or dirt, bolting feed
What are 3 ways to prevent cocked ankles in foals?
Exercise, not overfed, trim feet to keep frog pressure
What is investigative behavior?
Behavior that involves the sensory inspection of the environment that involves one or all of the horse’s senses.
What term is defined as equal weight distribution around the center of gravity of the horse’s limb as it relates to horse shoeing?
balance
Glycolysis breaks down glucose or glycogen into lactic acid and does not use oxygen, what type of exercise is this?
anaerobic
Name 5 factors that would influence the purchase of a horse.
Cost, breed, daily/monthly expenses, registered/grade, color, horses training, experience of horse, experience of rider, age of horse, sex, size, pre-purchase exam results, suitability for use
What type of behavior is exhibited by mutual mimicking?
Allelomimetic
What term describes the conditioned stimuli used in training horses?
cues
Name 7 general considerations when selecting a horse other than the purpose for which it will be used.
General appearance, temperament, training, breed or type, pedigree, age, sex, color, size, conformation, soundness, way of going
Name 3 forces responsible for the horse’s behavior.
Intelligence, training, experience, heredity
What are 3 benefits that a horse receives from swimming?
Conditions and exercises horse, increases stamina, increases wind, prevents concussion/trauma to young horses in training, improves muscle tone.
When is contingent reinforcement most effective?
When reinforcement is given immediately
What is allelomimetic behavior?
behavior that involves copying or mimicking other horses
Name a type of specialized shoe commonly used on reining horses.
Sliding plates
Describe how to correctly pick up the left front hoof.
Run your right (I think it is actually left but the question says right) hand down the front leg starting at the shoulder, at the cannon bone lean into your horse with your shoulder, ask horse to pick up the hoof, cradle the front of the hoof in your hand
What is the major detrimental effect of wood chewing?
Structural Damage
What is the tern for a horse that is owned by a group of several people?
Syndicated
Besides the trailer hitch, what should also be used to attach the trailer to the vehicle?
Safety chains
What does a skin pliability test determine?
Dehydration
What term describes when a horse consciously squeezes the handler against the wall of the stall with its body?
Crowding
Name the area where a horse is most likely to develop a saddle sore.
On its withers
What is Epimeletic behavior?
Giving care and attention between a mare and a foal.
What piece of equipment is used to determine the location of a painful area in the foot of a lame horse?
Hoof tester
Approximately how long can dressage training take to reach the highest levels
8 years or longer
What are 2 types of papers that are required to accompany a horse that is shipped interstate?
Health certificate, statement of ownership and negative Coggins test
The checked pattern or trademark on a beveled head of the horse show nail should be facing where when nailed to the hoof?
Facing the center of the hoof.
What is the lowest level of certification in the American Riding Instructors Certification Program?
Instructor in Training
In what direction should a horse’s hooves be picked out?
from heel to toe
How many mares are on am average PMU ranch?
108
Which organization was established to help promote safe, knowledgable riding instruction by keeping member instructors well informed of matters pertaining to their profession?
American Riding Instructors Association
What sense is being used during the flehmen response?
Sense of smell (olfactory)
when a horse has its shoes reset, the new nail holes should be how much higher than the older nail holes?
at least 3/8 of an inch
Name 3 vices that are dangerous to man and 3 that are dangerous to the horse.
Dangerous to man- biting, nipping, striking, rearing, kicking, charging, and crowding
Dangerous to the horse- cribbing, wood chewing, eating manure, dirt or bedding, bolting feed, fighting, and shying
Name 3 reasons why horse shoes may be necessary.
Protect horse’s foot, provide traction, correct or influence the stance, correct or improve abnormal and pathological conditions
Name 5 factors that influence the size of the horse shoe.
Length of shoe heels, position of the heel nail hole, web or width of shoe, weight or thickness of shoe, nail hole size, nail hole position
Name 10 of the 12 specialities in the American riding instructor certification program.
Hunt seat, stock seat, saddle seat, dressage, combined training, side – saddle, driving, open jumper, recreational riding, mounted patrol training officer, distance riding: endurance and competitive, and vaulting
Give 3 reasons why to exercise horses in swimming pools that is beneficial to conditioning the horse.
Increase stamina, increase wind, prevent concussion trauma to legs and feet, improves muscle tone
Name 3 forces responsible for the horse’s behavior
intelligence, training, experience, heredity
Name four factors that influence the style of horse shoe selection.
Type of work, terrain that the horse is worked on, integrity of horse’s foot, size and weight of horse, variety of ground surface patterns availible
Name 5 areas of the horse that are especially sensitive to touch.
Ears, eyes, nose, withers, ribs, legs, and flank
Describe 4 ways to exercise a horse that is unable to be ridden.
Lounging, walking, swimming, turn out in pasture, put on mechanical walker
