SHB Category: A, Nutrition Flashcards
Pages 1-39 Complete Deck
What are the 2 basic classifications of forages?
Legumes and grasses
What is probably the simplest and least expensive dry method of processing grains?
Grinding
Which feed is used extensively in diets for horses that have respiratory problems such as heaves?
Beet pulp
Proteins are made up of a chain of smaller units called what?
Amino acids
What is the most economical source of supplemental protein?
Soybean meal
What is the general term for amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied by the diet?
Essential amino acids
Which protein supplement contains more lysine than most other vegetable proteins?
Soybean meal
What is the most common method used to process forages?
Baling
How much water will a 1,000 pound horse drink per day?
10-12 gallons per day
What is the most important factor affecting the quality of a forage at the time of harvesting?
Stage of maturity
What is the most commonly cubed forage?
Alfalfa
Hay stored indoors for one to two years will lose about what percentage of its nutrient content?
15-20%
What is the device used to collect samples for analysis in baled hay?
Bale probe or bale core
What is the oldest and most common method of selecting hay?
Visual appraisal
The requirements of sodium chloride depends on the amount lost in what?
Sweat
What is the most common form of malnutrition in horses in the US?
Obesity
In extremely cold weather, which will produce more body heat when eaten, hay or grain?
Hay produces more heat
Which grass hay is a favorite among horseman?
Timothy
How much more energy is in fat than in carbohydrates?
2.25 times as much
Typically horses receive nutrients from what 3 general sources?
Hay, pastures, and grains
What are the 2 most important dietary energy components in feeds?
Fats and carbohydrates
What is the recommended feeding frequency?
2 or more meals daily
What are the 2 general classes of forages?
Grasses and legumes
Name 2 ways corn can be processed for horse feed.
Whole, ear corn, or cracked
What is the deficient amino acid in hays and grains?
Lysine
Which grain contains slightly more proteins and minerals, corn or oats?
Oats
Approximately 80 percent of the body’s phosphorus is contained where in the horse?
Skeleton
Name 3 types of salt blocks available for horses.
Plain salt, iodized salt, trace-mineralized salt.
Which type of hay should not be fed to horses with kidney problems?
Alfalfa
Dietary proteins are broken down into what substances?
Amino acids
What percentage of milk is water?
90%
Feral and other free-ranging horses will spend how long grazing per day in good forage?
10-12 hours
In addition to drinking water, the horse can obtain water from what other 2 sources?
In feed and metabolism
Name the type of forage that provides the horse with an excellent source of calcium.
Alfalfa hay
What causes head pressing in horses?
High levels of ammonia in the blood which can cause brain damage.
What are proteins composed of?
A chain of small units called amino acids, which contain nitrogen
What is the effect of eating wild cherry on horses?
Cyanide poisoning
Heavy work may increase the water intake by how much?
Up to 120%
A 1000 pound idle, mature horse that consumes 16 pounds of hay per day would need approximately how much water?
4-8 gallons
During what stage of gestation does the fetus increase most rapidly in size and in nutritional needs?
Last 1/3 of gestation
What part of alfalfa provides the most nutrition?
Its leaves
What is the average weight of a small bale of hay?
40-80 pounds
What are the 2 primary causes of iron loss?
Heavy parasite load or wounds
Molasses is quite low in protein and phosphorus but is a good source of what nutrient?
Energy
What type of horse is of the least concern to the nutritionist?
Non-pregnant, non-lactating mature idle horse
Name 3 vegetables that can be used as horse treats.
Carrots, potatoes, turnips, dried beet pulp
What is the most commonly used calcium and phosphorus supplement?
Dicalcium phosphate
How should trace mineralized salt be fed to horses?
Free choice
Which grain is the most commonly fed in Western US and Canada?
Barley
Name 2 ways milo can be processed as a feed.
Ground, crimped, or rolled
How should sodium chloride be provided to the horse?
Free choice
Which general type of hay would require more protein in the grain mixture?
Grasses
What are the 2 common types of soybean meal?
44% and 48-50% protein (44% has hulls, 50% does not have hulls)
Of the commonly used vegetable proteins, which contains the highest lysine content?
Soybean meal
Give 2 examples of how you would discourage fast eating horses.
Spread grain in thin layer, put large smooth stones in bottom of feeder, feed several times a day
How is the quality of dietary protein determined?
By the amino acid content
Sun-cured roughages are a good source of which vitamin?
Vitamin D
Name 3 problems that result from an energy deficiency in older horses.
Loss of weight, poor performance, poor condition, and poor reproductive performance
What is the most commonly fed legume hay?
Alfalfa
In nutrition, what does NE stand for?
Net Energy
What is there about a horse that makes it a non ruminating herbivore?
They eat fibrous feed and do not have a common rumen
When does the energy requirements of a pregnant mare increase the fastest?
During the last third of gestation
What happens if the horse ‘goes off feed’?
He stops eating
Molasses is a good source of energy but low in what 2 nutrients?
Protein and phosphorus
What is the structural component in forages that is not digestible by horses?
Lignin
In feeding management, what is the wicking effect?
Uptake of ground moisture into a bale of hay
Name a way feed might be processed to aid in digestion for older horses or horses with poor teeth.
Ground, crimped, or pelleted
Name 2 grains that must be processed before feeding.
Rye, milo, barley, and wheat
What insect contains cantharidin?
Blister beetle
Which forage is often infected with a fungus which can cause abortions, prolonged gestation, thickened placenta, still births, and lack of milk production in mares?
Fescue
Name 3 vitamins that can be toxic if given in large amounts
Vitamins A, D, and K
What is often considered to be the most common form of malnutrition in horses in the US?
Obesity
What is another term for tocopherol?
Vitamin E
A lack of which vitamin causes night blindness?
Vitamin A
Name a product that is added to a horse feed to improve palatability, provide a good source of energy, and to reduce dust.
Molasses
Name 2 conditions which would cause a horse to be most prone to eating poisonous plants.
Little or no pasture, competition for food, time of year, hunger
What is the primary site for digestion and absorption of fats?
Small intestines
What percent of fat in the diet can a horse tolerate and use for energy?
10-15%
What is the form of stored fuel for exercise of high intensity and short duration?
Glycogen
How many mineral elements are required in diets of horses?
21
What is the maximum amount of concentrates that should be fed at any one feeding?
No more than .75% of a horse’s body weight
The actual cause of heaves is unknown, but the condition is most often associated with the ingestion of what?
Damaged, dusty, or moldy hay
Chronic lacrimation (tearing) in a foal is from a deficiency of what vitamins?
Vitamin A
Why might there be low levels of carotene in hay that is stored for prolonged periods of time?
Carotene is easily oxidized
How can the likelihood of blister beetle poisoning be reduced when feeding alfalfa hay from the southwest?
Feed early season first cutting alfalfa
What are 5 forms of harvested forages?
Square bales, round bales, hay cubes, chopped hay, pelleted hay, and silage
What important nutrient must be consumed within the first 36 hours after birth?
Colostrum
What is the most commonly fed legume hay?
Alfalfa hay
What percent of protein should be in a suckling foal’s creep feed?
16-18%
Name 2 groups of horses that have the greatest need for calcium.
Young foals, lactating mares
What is the most commonly used protein supplement and what age of horses would benefit from this the most?
Soybean meal, young growing horses
Name the 2 basic classifications of forages.
Legumes and grasses
What nutrients are harder for an older horse to digest?
Proteins, phosphorus, fiber
What is the nutrient that will be missed first in the diet?
Water
One milligram of carotene is equivalent to how much vitamin A?
400 internal units
What is the first step in balancing a ration?
Determine the nutritional needs of the horse
Name 2 factors that can influence the vitamin A content in hay.
Prolonged storage and severely weathered hay
The calcium to phosphorus ratio in the diet should always be at least what?
1:1
How long does it take most of the food particles found in the feces to pass through the digestive tract?
65 to 75 hours
What is the effect of prolonged overfeeding?
Obesity
Where is vitamin D formed?
IN the skin
Lysine is a type of what nutrient?
Protein (amino acid)
If you put extruded and pelleted feed each in a separate container of equal volume, which would weigh more?
Pelleted feeds may weigh twice as much as extruded feeds
There are considerable differences in density among horse feeds. Therefore, feeding measurements should not be by volume but by what method?
Feed by weight
If the precentage of protein in the form of lysine is higher in animal products such as dried skim milk and fish meal, why is soybean meal more commonly used?
Soybean meal is considerably less expensive
What factor is determined by the amount of seed heads of grass and the flowers of legumes present at the time of harvest?
Stage of maturity
What class of nutrients do thiamine, riboflavin, and folic acid belong to?
Vitamins
Typical grasses should not be harvested later than what stage of maturity?
Boot stage
What vitamin deficiency can cause excessive tearing of the eyes?
Vitamin A
What are the 6 basic nutrients?
Water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins
Anemia is the primary sign of what type of deficiency?
Iron
What part of a horse’s diet is the primary source of energy?
Carbohydrates
What are the 2 classifications of amino acids?
Essential and non-essential
