SHB Category: C, Anatomy Flashcards
COMPLETE Pages 91-139
What is the largest joint in the horse’s body?
Stifle joint
What part of the hoof wall grows at the fastest rate?
Toe
How many bones are found in the horse’s skeleton?
205
Which salivary gland is the largest?
Parotid
How many bones are in the tarsus?
7
How many teeth does a mature male horse have?
40-42
How many bones are in the hock?
7
What is the area where the laminae intermesh?
White line
What is the elastic, wedge shaped mass located between the bars of the foot?
Frog
How many ribs does a horse have?
36 ribs or 18 pairs
At what age do the first permanent incisors appear?
2 1/2 years old
What are the cartilage plates near the ends of long bones, sometimes referred to as growth plates?
Epiphyseal plates
Name the three thoracic vertebrae that form the horse’s withers.
Third, fourth & fifth thoracic vertebrae
The age of the horse can be determined by examining which teeth?
Incisors
How often should horses that are kept in confinement have their feet cleaned?
Daily
What are the 3 bones of the foot?
Coffin, navicular, and short Pastern
What is the largest tissue mass in the horse’s body?
Muscles
What is the function of short bones?
Absorb concussion
What is another name for the mouth or oral passage?
Buccal cavity
What is another name for the carpus?
Knee
What method is used to file down the sharp projections that occur on the horse’s molars and premolars?
Floating
How many splint bones does a horse have?
2 on each leg (total of 8)
The withers is formed by what vertebrae?
3rd, 4th, and 5th thoracic vertebrae
What term applies to the hoof wall and all the structures it contains?
Foot
How many permanent teeth does a full grown mare have?
36 teeth
The top area between the last rib and hips is called what?
Loin or coupling
How many cheek teeth does an adult horse have?
24
What is another name for the coffin bone?
Pedal bone or third phalanx
How many teeth does a mature male horse have?
40
What is the initial vertebrae of the cervical region
Atlas
What is the upper curved part of the stallion’s neck called?
Crest
Where is the hoof wall the thinnest?
At the quarters
How many bones are in the vertebral column?
54
How long is the entire gastrointestinal tract?
100 feet
Specifically, where on the horse would you find chestnuts?
Above the knee on the inside of the forearm & below the hock on the inside of the cannon
What is the hardest working joint in the horse’s body?
Hock joint
What is the main bone of the forearm?
Radius
Why can a horse chew only on one side at a time?
The upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw
What part of the horse is located between the back & the croup?
Loin or coupling
In which part f the horse do most unsoundnesses occur?
Front legs
Which part of the horse’s hoof wall is the thickest?
At the toe
Where are the cocccygeal vertebrae found?
In the tail
What is the average number of cheek teeth located on each side of the jaw?
6 teeth on each jaw
What attaches muscles to the bones?
Tendons
What is the only leg joint without collateral ligaments?
Shoulder
Where, specifically, is the external loin or coupling located on the horse?
On the back between the last rib and the croup
What system divides the body form, supports the soft parts, and protects vital organs?
Skeletal system
The outer surface of the hoof wall is covered by what?
Periople and stratum tectorium
What is the sensitive, strong, mobile organ of prehension?
Upper lip
What is the tallest constant part of the horse & is located at the base of the neck & between the shoulder blades?
Withers
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
Hinge joint (ginglymus)
What types of joints make up the skull?
Immovable joints
What is another name for the proximal interphalangeal joint?
Pastern
What are the 2 types of jaw movements?
Lateral (side-to-side) and up and down
At birth, most foals are born with how many incisors present?
zero
At what age does the Galvayne’s groove disappear from the corner incisor?
30 years
Which vertebrae are located between the loin and the tail?
Sacral
What type of bones function chiefly as levers and aid in support of weight and locomotion?
Long bones
Name the 3 body systems contained in the thoracic cavity
Digestive, respiratory, circulatory
Which vertebrae are located between the thoracic and sacral vertebrae?
Lumbar
At what age has the Galvayne’s groove reached the bottom of the corner incisor?
20 years
What is another name for the epipysis?
Growth plates
What is the function of the atlas vertebra?
Permits extension and flexion of the head and neck and point of attachment of skull to vertebral column
Which joint is formed between the surface of the sacrum and the ilium?
Sacroiliac
At what age do the cups disappear from the upper incisors?
9 yr. (Central), 10 yr. (Lateral), 11 yr. (Corner)
Which cavity contains the vital organs of the respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems?
Thoracic cavity
Name 5 types of teeth
Molars, incisors, premolars, temporary or milk teeth, wolf teeth, canine teeth
How many teeth does a one month old foal have?
4
Where on the horse would you find the tuber calcis?
Hock
What are the maxillae and mandible?
Maxillae is upper jaw, mandible is lower jaw
What joint is the hardest working joint in the horse’s body?
Hock
What are retained deciduous teeth called?
Caps
Contraction of what membrane moves across the eye, wiping foreign substances off the cornea?
Nictitating membane (haw)
Which parts are included in the mesenteric part of the small intestine?
Jejunum and ileum
The foot and leg of the horse consists of 3 phalanges and 3 sesamoid bones. Name them.
Long pastern (1st phalanx), short pastern (2nd phalanx), Pedal or coffin bone (3rd Phalanx), 2 proximal sesamoids and 1 distal sesamoid (navicular bone)
What are the small pointed teeth that sometimes appear at the base of the first pre-molar teeth?
Wolf teeth
The pattern of these is distinct for each horse so they can be used for a means of permanent identification, what are they?
Chestnuts on the legs
What part of the digestive system absorbs most of the horse’s minerals?
Small intestine
The carpus consists of how many and what kind of bones?
8 short bones
What extends below the coronary band for approximately 3/4 of an inch except at the heels, where it covers the bulbs and blends in with the frog?
Periople
How many pairs of ribs are there?
18 pairs
How many and what kind of bones are found in the head of the horse?
34 flat bones
What holds bones to bones?
Ligaments
The plantar ligament holds together the back of which joint?
Hock
What is the artificial altering of teeth by burning or chemically to make them appear younger than their actual age?
Bishoping
What is another name for the buccal cavity?
Mouth
What is the passageway to the respiratory system called?
Nasal cavity
What is another name for the short pastern?
Second phalanx
What are the vestiges left on each side of the cannon bone of modern equus from the toes of its ancestors?
Splint bones
Give 3 locations where short bones are found.
Complex joints such as knee, hock, and fetlock
What protects the bone and is the site of healing if there is a fracture?
Periosteum
What is the initial vertebra of the cervical region that is attached to the skull to permit extension and flexion of the head and neck?
Atlas
What keeps food out of the air passages when it is swallowed?
Epiglottis
What is the largest tissue mass in the horse’s body?
Muscle
What does synovial fluid do?
Lubricates the joints
What are the 2 types of cheek teeth?
Molars and pre-molars
What is the pinna?
External ear
What is another name for the shuttle bone?
Navicular bone
The thoracic and pelvic limbs have the same number of bones, how many are there?
40
Which nerve is readily susceptible to injury, crosses the spine of the scapula and contusions will cause paralysis of the nerve?
Supraspinatus nerve
Situated in the hind end what is the heaviest and strongest bone in the horse’s body?
Femur
What are the 4 teeth present in males but rarely found in mares?
Canine (Tushes)
Where specifically in the horse are the tibia and fibula located?
Gaskin
How many bones are in the horse’s skull?
34 irregular shaped flat bones jointed by immovable joints
What appears in the incisor, as the cups disappear?
Dental stars
Name the 4 classifications of the horse’s bones
long, short, flat, and irregular
What is the proper name for the cleft of the frog of the horse’s foot?
Central sulcus of the frog
Name the part of the horse’s leg found between the cannon bone and the long pastern
Fetlock joint
How many deciduous teeth does a 1 year old foal have?
24
Name one of the group of subcortical central brain structures that make up the limbic system.
Hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala
Muscles are attached to bones by what tissue?
Tendons
What is the dark opening in the center of the eye’s iris through which light passes to the lens?
Pupil
What is the second cervical vertebra called?
Axis
What are deciduous teeth?
Baby teeth
What enables a horse to sleep standing up?
Stay mechanism
What attaches the horse’s forelimbs to its skeleton?
Muscular sling
The carpus or knee of the horse corresponds anatomically to what in the human?
Human wrist
Name 3 main functions of bones
Act as levers, store minerals, site of blood cell formation
Name the 2 bones which make up the forearm.
Radius and ulna
How many vertebrae are in the sacral or croup?
5 fused vertebrae
What are the deep indentures in the center surface of the young permanent incisors which are used to help determine age?
Cups
Where in the horse would you find the tibia?
In the gaskin
What part of the horse’s leg is used for identifying the horse?
Chestnuts
Where, specifically, in the horse would you find the humerus?
In the forearm, between the shoulder joint and elbow joint
What is the least movable joint in the horse’s leg?
Pastern joint (proximal interphalangeal joint)
What is a system of check ligaments, working with the suspensory apparatus that allows the horse to sleep while standing up?
Stay apparatus
What is the neame of the sharp edges that are removed during the floating process?
Hooks
Name 5 endocrine glands.
Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, ovaries, testes, uterus
What is the average number of bones found in the tail of a horse?
18
When does the horse’s third permanent molar erupt?
3 1/2-4 years old
What is the approximate length of the horse’s esophagus?
50-60 inches
What is the membrane lining the inside of the eyelid and covering the exposed surface of the eyeball around the cornea?
Conjunctiva
If the incisor’s shape is round, his age is about how old?
About 15 years old
What is the area between the horse’s eyes, derived from the Bedouin word for veil or face piece?
Jibbah
Which occurs first, a smooth mouth or a full mouth?
Full mouth (5 yrs) (Smooth mouth-11 years)
When looking at the bottom of the horse’s foot, which section of the wall is between the toe and the heel?
Quarter
What are the 2 types of involuntary muscles found in horses?
Smooth and cardiac
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
18 usually but sometimes 19 or 17
What is the pigmented, muscular eye structure located behind the cornea that dilates and contracts the pupil to regulate the amount of light reaching the retina?
Iris
Specifically, where would you find the pupil of the eye?
Center of the iris
At what age do the permanent premolars erupt?
2 1/2, 3 & 4 years old
The atlas and axis are examples of which kind of vertebrae?
Cervical
What is the difference in the function of long bones and short bones?
Short bones absorb concussion, long bones act as lever and aid in support and locomotion
