Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants 2.0

Question 1

What are the male parts of a flower?

Answer 1

Filament + Anther.

Question 2

What are the female parts of a flower?

Answer 2

Stigma, Style + Ovary.

Question 3

What is the function of the receptacle in flowering plants?

Answer 3

Supports the flowering plants.

Question 4

What is the role of sepals in flowers?

Answer 4

Protects the flower when it is in a bud.

Question 5

How do animal pollinated plants differ in petal characteristics?

Answer 5

Brightly coloured to attract insects (Bees).

Question 6

How do wind pollinated plants differ in petal characteristics?

Answer 6

Very small or absent.

Question 7

What is the collective name for the male parts of a flower?

Answer 7

Stamen.

Example: Filament & Anther.

Question 8

What does the filament contain?

Answer 8

Vascular bundles (Xylem + Phloem).

Question 9

What is the function of the anther?

Answer 9

Produces pollen grains by meiosis.

Question 10

What are the female parts of a flower collectively called?

Answer 10

Carpel.

Example: Stigma, style & ovary.

Question 11

What is the role of the stigma in a flower?

Answer 11

Where pollen lands - Catches the pollen.

Question 12

What is the function of the style?

Answer 12

Where pollen tube grows.

Question 13

What does the ovary contain?

Answer 13

Ovules.

Question 14

What is sexual reproduction in plants?

Answer 14

Involves 2 parents (One plant).

Question 15

How are gametes formed in plants?

Answer 15

In male & female parts of plant via meiosis.

Question 16

What happens when two haploid gametes fuse?

Answer 16

Forms a diploid zygote.

Question 17

What is variation in the context of plant reproduction?

Answer 17

Genetic differences between individuals of the same species.

Question 18

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction in plants?

Answer 18

Variation, Dispersal, Less competition.

Question 19

Where does male gamete development occur?

Answer 19

In the anther.

Question 20

Where does female gamete development occur?

Answer 20

In the ovule.

Question 21

Describe pollen grain development in males.

Answer 21

Diploid microspore mother cell divides by meiosis to produce 4 haploid cells called a tetrad.

Question 22

What are the contents of a matured pollen grain?

Answer 22

Tube nucleus & generative nucleus.

Question 23

What happens to the diploid megaspore mother cell in female gamete development?

Answer 23

Divides by meiosis to produce 4 haploid cells.

Question 24

What happens to the remaining cell after the megaspore mother cell divides?

Answer 24

It becomes the megaspore or embryonic sac.

Question 25

How many haploid nuclei are formed from the megaspore?

Answer 25

8 haploid nuclei.

Question 26

What are the three female gametes formed from the megaspore?

Answer 26

Two polar nuclei and an egg cell.

Question 27

What is pollination?

Answer 27

Transfer of pollen from the anther to a stigma of a flower from the same species.

Question 28

What is self-pollination?

Answer 28

Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma on the same plant.

Question 29

What are the results of self-pollination?

Answer 29

Less variation and offspring are more susceptible to disease.

Question 30

What is cross pollination?

Answer 30

Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma on another plant.

Question 31

What are the methods of pollination?

Answer 31

Wind and Animal.

Question 32

How do wind pollinated flowers adapt?

Answer 32

Small, no scent, not brightly coloured, absent.

Question 33

How do animal pollinated flowers adapt?

Answer 33

Large, scented, brightly coloured.

Question 34

What adaptations do wind pollinated pollen have?

Answer 34

Large amounts of pollen grain & pollen grains light.

Question 35

What adaptations do animal pollinated pollen have?

Answer 35

Small amounts of pollen grain, heavy, large, sticky.

Question 36

What adaptations do wind pollinated anthers have?

Answer 36

Large, outside petals, & loosely attached to filament.

Question 37

What adaptations do animal pollinated anthers have?

Answer 37

Small, inside petals, firmly attached to filament.

Question 38

What adaptations do wind pollinated stigmas have?

Answer 38

Large, outside petals, feathery.

Question 39

What adaptations do animal pollinated stigmas have?

Answer 39

Small, inside petals, not feathery.

Question 40

What happens after pollination?

Answer 40

Fertilization.

Question 41

What is fertilization in plants?

Answer 41

Fusion of the male & female gametes to produce a diploid zygote.

Question 42

What is the process of fertilization in plants?

Answer 42

Pollen grain lands on stigma, tube nucleus causes pollen to grow through style towards ovule.

Question 43

Where does fertilization occur?

Answer 43

The ovule.

Question 44

What is a triploid?

Answer 44

A cell that contains 3 sets of chromosomes.

Question 45

What does a fertilized ovule become?

Answer 45

A seed.

Question 46

What is the seed formation process?

Answer 46

Fertilized ovule becomes a seed; the zygote grows by mitosis to form an embryo.

Question 47

What part of the embryo develops into the root?

Answer 47

Radicle.

Question 48

What part of the embryo develops into the shoot?

Answer 48

Plumble.

Question 49

What is the function of the testa (seed coat)?

Answer 49

Protects embryo.

Question 50

What does the embryo develop into?

Answer 50

A new plant.

Question 51

What is the function of cotyledons?

Answer 51

Food storage.

Question 52

What happens if cotyledons absorb all the endosperm?

Answer 52

The seed is non-endospermic (Example: Broad bean) - Dicots.

Question 53

What happens if cotyledons absorb some endosperm?

Answer 53

The seed is endospermic (Example: Corn) - Monocots.

Question 54

How is food stored in a monocot?

Answer 54

Endosperm.

Question 55

How is food stored in a dicot?

Answer 55

Cotyledon.

Question 56

What becomes the fruit of the plant as the seed develops?

Answer 56

Ovary.

Question 57

Why do plants form fruit?

Answer 57

To protect seeds.

Question 58

What stimulates the growth of fruit?

Answer 58

Auxins produced in seeds.

Question 59

What are seedless fruits?

Answer 59

Fruit formed via virgin birth - Egg not fertilized.

Question 60

How can seedless fruits develop?

Answer 60

Genetics or sprayed with growth regulators.

Question 61

What is an example of a growth regulator?

Answer 61

Ethene - commercially ripens fruit.

Question 62

What is dispersal in plants?

Answer 62

The transfer of a seed or fruit away from the parent plant.

Question 63

What are the effects of dispersal?

Answer 63

Increased chance of survival, colonies in new areas, prevents competition of seeds.

Question 64

What are the methods of seed & fruit dispersal?

Answer 64

Wind, Animal, Water.

Question 65

How do wind pollinated seeds disperse?

Answer 65

Small, light seeds; parachute devices; fruit wings.

Question 66

How do animals help in seed dispersal?

Answer 66

Sticky fruits cling to animals or edible fruits are eaten and dispersed via faeces.

Question 67

How does water help in seed dispersal?

Answer 67

Light, air-filled fruits allow the fruit to shoot.

Question 68

What is dormancy in seeds?

Answer 68

Resting period when seeds undergo no growth.

Question 69

What is a growth inhibitor in seeds?

Answer 69

Abscisic acid (ABA).

Question 70

What is needed to break dormancy in seeds?

Answer 70

Seeds need to be cold to break down growth inhibitors.

Question 71

What must be done before seeds are planted?

Answer 71

Soaked in water and placed in a cold temperature.

Question 72

What are the advantages of dormancy?

Answer 72

Helps survival of species, avoids harsh winter conditions, allows time for seed dispersal.

Question 73

What is germination?

Answer 73

The regrowth of the embryo after a period of dormancy.

Question 74

What conditions are needed for germination?

Answer 74

Water, Oxygen, Suitable temperature.

Question 75

What are the events of germination?

Answer 75

Seed absorbs water, digestion occurs, nutrients move to the embryo, radicle bursts through testa.

Question 76

What role does respiration play in germination?

Answer 76

The release of energy from food.

Question 77

What role does digestion play in germination?

Answer 77

Makes nutrients available.

Question 78

What role does water play in germination?

Answer 78

Softens testa and dissolves nutrients.

Question 79

What is dry weight?

Answer 79

Weight without water.

Question 80

What is vegetative propagation?

Answer 80

The asexual reproduction of plants.

Question 81

What are the features of vegetative propagation?

Answer 81

No gametes, no variation, requires one parent.

Question 82

What is natural vegetative propagation?

Answer 82

Involves forming new plants from stem, leaf, root, or bud.

Question 83

What are the methods of natural vegetative propagation?

Answer 83

Stem, Root, Leaf, Bud.

Question 84

What is an example of stem propagation?

Answer 84

Runners - Horizontal stems that run above ground (Example: strawberry plants).

Question 85

What is an example of root propagation?

Answer 85

Root Tuber - swollen underground root (Example: Dahlia).

Question 86

What is an example of leaf propagation?

Answer 86

Some plants can produce new plants from the leaves (Example: Cacti).

Question 87

What is an example of bud propagation?

Answer 87

Bulb - A modified bud (Example: onion).

Question 88

What are the methods of artificial vegetative propagation?

Answer 88

Cutting, Grafting, Layering, Micropropagation.

Question 89

What is cutting in artificial propagation?

Answer 89

Portion of a plant removed and grown into a new plant.

Question 90

How is cutting carried out?

Answer 90

Shoot of parent plant is cut at an angle and placed in rooting powder.

Question 91

What is grafting?

Answer 91

Joining part of one plant with a second plant.

Question 92

What is layering?

Answer 92

Growth of a new plant from a stem still attached to parent plant.

Question 93

What is micropropagation?

Answer 93

Growth of small plants from small pieces of tissue under sterile conditions.

Question 94

What are the advantages of artificial vegetative propagation?

Answer 94

New plants are fast and genetically identical to parent.

Question 95

What are the disadvantages of artificial propagation?

Answer 95

No variation and high risk of diseases passed on.

Question 96

Will structures produced by vegetative propagation be haploid or diploid?

Answer 96

Diploid.