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LC biology (sophie) > Cell division And Diversity > Flashcards

Cell division And Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

what is cell continuity

A

every cell develops from existing cells.

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2
Q

what is a chromosome

A

a structure which consists of protein and DNA. chromosomes are found in the nucleus in eukaryotes and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes.

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3
Q

what is chromatin

A

condensed chromosomes that are seen in the cell when not dividing

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4
Q

what is a gamete

A

a sex cell

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5
Q

what is a gene

A

a short section of DNA that codes for a protein

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6
Q

what is junk DNA

A

DNA that doesnt code for a protein

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7
Q

what is the genome

A

all the genes in the organism

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8
Q

what is the locus

A

the position of a gene on a chromosome

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9
Q

how many chromosomes in a human cell

A

46, 23 pairs

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10
Q

what are a homologous pair of chromosomes

A

a pair of chromosomes which have the same types of genes at the same loci, one from the mother, one from the father

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11
Q

what are sister chromatids

A

chromosomes that are identical to each other stuck together by a centromere, they are produced in late interphase by DNA replication

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12
Q

what is interphase

A

the non dividing phase of the cell, the cell is in this phase for 90% of its cycle

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13
Q

what occurs during early interphase

A

normal cell functions and replication of cell organelles

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14
Q

what occurs in late interphase

A

DNA is replicate on each chromosome producing an identical copy of each chromosome, the copied chromosome is stuck to the original by the centromere which holds the two identical chromosome together

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15
Q

what happens during prophase

A

the nuclear membrane disintegrates, chromosomes become visible from chromatin, spindle fibres appear in cytoplasm

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16
Q

what occurs in metaphase

A

the spindle fibres move to the poles of the cell, chromosomes align along the equator of the cell, spindle fibres become fully formed and attach to the centromeres

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17
Q

what occurs in anaphase

A

spindle fibres contract, splitting the centromere and pulling apart the identical chromosomes, chromosomes pulled back to the poles of the cell

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18
Q

what occurs during telophase

A

nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes at each pole, spindle fibres disappear, chromosomes begin to become chromatin again

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19
Q

what occurs for animal cell during cytokinesis

A

groove forms in cytoplasm called cleavage furrow which deepens until it splits into 2 identical cells

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20
Q

what happens to plant cells during cytokinesis

A

cell plate forms from the vesicles in plant cells, a middle lamella forms in the cell plate to divide the two identical cells

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21
Q

what is the function of mitosis

A

unicellular is used for reproduction eg binary fission and multicellular is used for growth and repair

22
Q
A
23
Q

what is cancer

A

a group of disorders in which cells lose control over the rate and number if divisions they undergo, this results in the uncontrolled multiplication of cells

24
Q

what are the causes of cancer

A

carcinogens and oncogenes

25
Q

what is the treatment for cancer

A

chemotherapy, radiation and surgery

26
Q

what is meiosis

A

nuclear division in which one nucleus divides to form four nuclei with half the number of chromosomes

27
Q

what is the function of meiosis

A

to produce gametes or haploid cells in sexual reproduction so the parental chromosome is the same after sexual reproduction and to introduce variation in species.

28
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues with the same functions working together.

E.g. Plant: Leaf, stem or e.g. Animal: Heart, Liver

29
Q

What is a system?

A

A group of organs with similar functions that work together. (Digestive System)

30
Q

What are plant tissues?

A

Xylem and dermal.

31
Q

What is Xylem?

A

Xylem found in the vascular tissue of a Stem and veins in leaves. Dead cells, contents hollow. Cell wall contains lignin. Transports water. Has Continuous side pits to allow water to pass from cells which are side by side. Wider than tracheid and more efficient, elongated cells.

Example sentence: Xylem is responsible for transporting water in plants.

32
Q

What is Dermal Tissue?

A

Outside layer of tissue in plant (epidermis). Function is primarily protection. Cell wall is thick sometimes has a waterproof layer called a Cuticle in leaves and stoma

33
Q

What are animal tissues?

A

Connective tissue and nervous tissue

34
Q

What is Connective Tissue?

A

Found in many areas (Bone, Blood, Cartilage). Many functions -R.B.C’S function is to carry oxygen around the body. Many types -R.B.C is concave in shape, has no nucleus or mitochondria.

35
Q

What is Nervous Tissue?

A

Motor Neurone: Location- all over the organism and in the central nervous system (Brain + Spinal Cord). Function-To react with our environment (Movement, Senses). Description-Neurone is a nerve cell which carry’s electrical

36
Q

What are the uses of Tissue Culturing?

A
  1. Micropropagation
  2. Cancer Research
  3. Skin Grafts
37
Q

What is Tissue Culturing?

A

Tissue Culturing is a method where cells are grown in a sterile nutrient medium outside an organism. Usually Involves: Nutrients, Oxygen, Sterile Conditions, Growth Substances. Optimum Growth Conditions such as temperature and pH.

38
Q

What is Micropropagation?

A

Application of Tissue Culturing is Micropropagation. Callus-Small bundle of cells. Micropropagation is the use of tissue culturing to produce many genetically identical organisms.

39
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues with the same functions working together.

E.g. Plant: Leaf, stem or e.g. Animal: Heart, Liver

40
Q

What is a system?

A

A group of organs with similar functions that work together. (Digestive System)

41
Q

What are plant tissues?

A

Xylem and dermal.

42
Q

What is Xylem?

A

Xylem found in the vascular tissue of a Stem and veins in leaves. Dead cells, contents hollow. Cell wall contains lignin. Transports water. Has Continuous side pits to allow water to pass from cells which are side by side. Wider than tracheid and more efficient, elongated cells.

Example sentence: Xylem is responsible for transporting water in plants.

43
Q

What is Dermal Tissue?

A

Outside layer of tissue in plant (epidermis). Function is primarily protection. Cell wall is thick sometimes has a waterproof layer called a Cuticle in leaves and stoma

44
Q

What are animal tissues?

A

Connective tissue and nervous tissue

45
Q

What is Connective Tissue?

A

Found in many areas (Bone, Blood, Cartilage). Many functions -R.B.C’S function is to carry oxygen around the body. Many types -R.B.C is concave in shape, has no nucleus or mitochondria.

46
Q

What is Nervous Tissue?

A

Motor Neurone: Location- all over the organism and in the central nervous system (Brain + Spinal Cord). Function-To react with our environment (Movement, Senses). Description-Neurone is a nerve cell which carry’s electrical

47
Q

What are the uses of Tissue Culturing?

A
  1. Micropropagation
  2. Cancer Research
  3. Skin Grafts
48
Q

What is Tissue Culturing?

A

Tissue Culturing is a method where cells are grown in a sterile nutrient medium outside an organism. Usually Involves: Nutrients, Oxygen, Sterile Conditions, Growth Substances. Optimum Growth Conditions such as temperature and pH.

49
Q

What is Micropropagation?

A

Application of Tissue Culturing is Micropropagation. Callus-Small bundle of cells. Micropropagation is the use of tissue culturing to produce many genetically identical organisms.

Benefits of micropropagation: all organisms are genetically identical and produces large numbers of plants very quickly.

Disadvantages of micropropagation: susceptible to disease due to lack of variation as they are genetically identical and its expensive.

50
Q

Benefits of micropropagation:

A

all organisms are genetically identical and produces large numbers of plants very quickly.

51
Q

Disadvantages of micropropagation:

A

susceptible to disease due to lack of variation as they are genetically identical and its expensive.

52
Q

Benefits of micropropagation:

A

all organisms are genetically identical and produces large numbers of plants very quickly.

LC biology (sophie) (12 decks)

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