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LC biology > Plant Reproduction > Flashcards

Plant Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Characteristics of Sexual Reproduction

A

Involves 2 parents

Forms a zygote.
New plant is different
Meiosis is involved

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2
Q

Characteristics of Asexual Reproduction

A

Involves 1 parent

New plant is identical to parent
Mitosis is involved
Example: Strawberry plant produces runners.

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3
Q

Function of Sepal

A

To protect the flower and to prevent it from drying out

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4
Q

Function of Petals

A

To attract insects to the flower for pollination

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5
Q

Function of Stamen

A

To produce the pollen grains in the anthers. Each pollen grain produces two male gametes, one of which can fertilise an egg cell

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6
Q

Function of Anther

A

Produces pollen

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7
Q

Function of Filament

A

Holds the anther in place

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8
Q

Function of Carpel

A

To produce the ovule. Each ovule contains an egg cell inside an embryo sac

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9
Q

Function of Stigma

A

Where pollen lands after pollination

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10
Q

Function of Style

A

Pollen travels down this

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11
Q

Function of Ovary

A

Contains ovules

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12
Q

What are the female parts of the flower

A

Carpel (stigma, style and ovary)

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13
Q

What are the male parts of the flower

A

Stamen (anther and filament)

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14
Q

What is pollination?

A

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of a stamen to the stigma of a carpel of the same species.

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15
Q

What are the adaptations of insect-pollinated plants?

A

Petals brightly coloured to attract insects
Flower is scented with sweet nectar to attract insects
Anthers and Stigmas inside petals
Stigma is sticky

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16
Q

What are the adaptations of wind-pollinated plants?

A

Petals not coloured brightly, usually green
No nectar or scent
Anthers and Stigmas outside petals
Stigmas large, feathery to catch pollen on the wind

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17
Q

Methods of pollination:

A

insect pollination and wind pollination

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18
Q

What is self pollination

A

Transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of thesame plant

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19
Q

What is cross pollination

A

Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of adifferent plantof the same species

20
Q

What are the the 5stages of reproduction

A

1.Pollination
2.Fertilisation
3.Seed Formation (and Fruit)
4.Seed Dispersal
5.Germination

21
Q

What is the process of pollen gran development

A

by meiosis a diploid microspore mother cell becomes a tetrad of pollen and then four immature pollen grains by seperation, these then divide by mitosis into two haploid nuclei (tube nucleus and generative nucleus) when they mature, the walls of another anther dry and split and then they are released for pollination.

22
Q

What is the function of the tube nucleus

A

Forms the pollen tube

23
Q

What is the function of the tube nucleus

A

Forms the pollen tube

24
Q

Nation of the generative nucleus

A

Divides by. Mitosis to form two sperm nuclei which are the male gametes which each play a role in double fertilisation

25
Q

What structure contains one or more ovules in a plant?

A

The ovary

26
Q

What are the walls of the ovary called?

A

Integuments

27
Q

What is the small opening between the integuments called, and what is its function?

A

It is called the micropyle, and it allows the entry of a pollen tube

28
Q

What type of cell in the ovule undergoes meiosis to form four haploid cells?

A

The megaspore mother cell (diploid, 2n).

29
Q

How many haploid cells remain after meiosis, and what happens to the others?

A

One haploid cell remains; the other three disintegrate.

30
Q

What is the name of the remaining haploid cell after meiosis?

A

The immature embryo sac.

31
Q

How many times does the nucleus of the embryo sac divide, and by what process?

A

It divides three times by mitosis.

32
Q

How many haploid nuclei are formed within the embryo sac after the mitotic divisions?

A

Eight haploid nuclei.

33
Q

How many of the eight haploid nuclei in the embryo sac will eventually disintegrate?

A

Five nuclei will disintegrate.

34
Q

How many female gametes remain after disintegration of the nuclei?

A

Three female gametes remain.

35
Q

What do two of the remaining female gametes form within the embryo sac?

A

They form the polar nuclei.

36
Q

What does the last remaining female gamete form?

A

It forms the egg cell.

37
Q

What forms the pollen tube after pollination?

A

The pollen tube nucleus forms the pollen tube.

38
Q

Through what structure does the pollen tube move to reach the ovary?

A

The pollen tube moves down the style to the ovary.

39
Q

What happens to the generative nucleus as it moves down the pollen tube?

A

It divides by mitosis to form two haploid sperm nuclei, which are the male gametes.

40
Q

What happens to the tube nucleus when the pollen tube reaches the embryo sac?

A

The tube nucleus disintegrates.

41
Q

What process occurs when the pollen tube reaches the embryo sac?

A

Double fertilization occurs.

42
Q

During double fertilization, what does one sperm nucleus fuse with, and what is the result?

A

One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg cell, forming a diploid zygote.

43
Q

What does the second sperm nucleus fuse with, and what is formed as a result?

A

The second sperm nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm.

44
Q

What will the diploid zygote develop into?

A

The diploid zygote will develop into an embryo.

45
Q

What is the ploidy level of the endosperm nucleus formed during fertilization?

A

The endosperm nucleus is triploid (3n).

LC biology (7 decks)

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