Respiration and energy carriers Flashcards
What is respiration
The process by which organisms get energy from food
What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration
6O2 + C6H12O6 —> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
Where is the location of glycolysis
Cytosol of the cell ( cytoplasm with no organelles
What occurs during glycolysis
Glucose (a 6 Carbon sugar) is broken down into 2 pyruvates ( 3 carbons) and energy is released which is used to produce ATP and NADH
Where does Krebs cycle occur
The lumen of the mitochondria
What happens during Krebs cycle (step 1)
Each pyruvate is broken down into acetyl co enzyme A ( 2 carbons). Carbon dioxide is released. A small amount of energy is released and forms NADH
What happens during Krebs cycle (step 2)
The acetyl co enzyme A enters Krebs cycle where it is converted to other molecules then back to acetyl co enzyme A
What happens during Krebs cycle (step 3)
Carbon dioxide, electrons and energy are produced. The electrons combine with hydrogen ions and NAD+ to produce NADH. The energy is used to produce ATP
What occurs in the electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
Where does the electron transport chain occur
The inner membrane of the cristae of the mitochondria
Is oxygen required for the electron transport chain?
No
What happens in step 1 of the electron transport chain
NADH is broken down into NAD+, hydrogen ions and electrons
What happens is step 2 of the electron transport chain
The electrons move along a chain of carriers, losing energy as they move. This energy is used to produce ATP, this is called phosphorylation
Phosphorylation
What is step 3 is the electron transport chain
At the end of the chain hydrogen ions and oxygen combine with the electrons to produce water
What is step 4 of the electron transport chain
This last step is vital as without it the flow of electrons along the chain would stop and no more ATP would be produced. Therefore, without oxygen no large amounts of energy are produced.
how does anaerobic respiration compare to aerobic?
less energy is produced and no oxygen is required
what are the two types of anaerobic respiration/ fermentation?
ethanol production and lactic acid production
what occurs in ethanol production?
glycolysis occurs breaking down glucose to two pyruvates then pyruvtaes are broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide gas and energy in the from of ATP
where does ethanol production take place
in yeast cells but also plant cells when they are deprived of oxygen.
what occurs in lactic acid production
glycolysis occurs breaking down glucose into 2 pyruvate, pyruvate is then broken down into lactic acid and carbon dioxide gas and energy in the form of ATP.
where does lactic acid production occur?
in lactic acid bacteria but also animal cells when their deprived of oxygen.
what are energy carriers?
certain molecules used to store, carry and release energy
what does ATP/ADP stand for
adenosine tri phosphate/ adenosine di phosphate
what is ATP
a high energy carrier where the energy is stored in the unstable phosphate bonds
what is ADP
a lower energy carrier compared to ATP, as it only has one phosphate bond
why is ATP broken down into ADP
to release energy
what is the chemical equation for ATP->ADP
ATP +H2O—>ADP + P +Energy
what is the chemical equation for ADP->ATP
ADP + P + Energy —> ATP + H2O
what is it called when a phosphate is added?
Phosphorylation
what are NADH
high energy, electron and hydrogen carriers. energy comes from electrons gained and a high energy bond with hydrogen.
what does NAD/NADP stand for?
nicotinamide adenine di nucleotide/ nicotinamide adenine di nucleotide phosphate
what is NAD
a low energy carrier that are capable of combining with electrons and hydrogen ions/protons. when they combine they become negatively charged thereby gaining energy as electrons are high in energy.
what has more energy NAD- or NAD+
NAD-
What does NAD+ with two electrons become?
NAD-
What does NAD- with a hydrogen ion/proton become?
NADH
what is the order of NAD+, NAD- and NADH in terms of energy low to high
NAD+, NAD-, NADH
