Respiration and energy carriers Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration

A

The process by which organisms get energy from food

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2
Q

What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 —> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

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3
Q

Where is the location of glycolysis

A

Cytosol of the cell ( cytoplasm with no organelles

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4
Q

What occurs during glycolysis

A

Glucose (a 6 Carbon sugar) is broken down into 2 pyruvates ( 3 carbons) and energy is released which is used to produce ATP and NADH

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5
Q

Where does Krebs cycle occur

A

The lumen of the mitochondria

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6
Q

What happens during Krebs cycle (step 1)

A

Each pyruvate is broken down into acetyl co enzyme A ( 2 carbons). Carbon dioxide is released. A small amount of energy is released and forms NADH

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7
Q

What happens during Krebs cycle (step 2)

A

The acetyl co enzyme A enters Krebs cycle where it is converted to other molecules then back to acetyl co enzyme A

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8
Q

What happens during Krebs cycle (step 3)

A

Carbon dioxide, electrons and energy are produced. The electrons combine with hydrogen ions and NAD+ to produce NADH. The energy is used to produce ATP

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9
Q

What occurs in the electron transport chain

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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10
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur

A

The inner membrane of the cristae of the mitochondria

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11
Q

Is oxygen required for the electron transport chain?

A

No

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12
Q

What happens in step 1 of the electron transport chain

A

NADH is broken down into NAD+, hydrogen ions and electrons

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13
Q

What happens is step 2 of the electron transport chain

A

The electrons move along a chain of carriers, losing energy as they move. This energy is used to produce ATP, this is called phosphorylation
Phosphorylation

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14
Q

What is step 3 is the electron transport chain

A

At the end of the chain hydrogen ions and oxygen combine with the electrons to produce water

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15
Q

What is step 4 of the electron transport chain

A

This last step is vital as without it the flow of electrons along the chain would stop and no more ATP would be produced. Therefore, without oxygen no large amounts of energy are produced.

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16
Q

how does anaerobic respiration compare to aerobic?

A

less energy is produced and no oxygen is required

17
Q

what are the two types of anaerobic respiration/ fermentation?

A

ethanol production and lactic acid production

18
Q

what occurs in ethanol production?

A

glycolysis occurs breaking down glucose to two pyruvates then pyruvtaes are broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide gas and energy in the from of ATP

19
Q

where does ethanol production take place

A

in yeast cells but also plant cells when they are deprived of oxygen.

20
Q

what occurs in lactic acid production

A

glycolysis occurs breaking down glucose into 2 pyruvate, pyruvate is then broken down into lactic acid and carbon dioxide gas and energy in the form of ATP.

21
Q

where does lactic acid production occur?

A

in lactic acid bacteria but also animal cells when their deprived of oxygen.

22
Q

what are energy carriers?

A

certain molecules used to store, carry and release energy

23
Q

what does ATP/ADP stand for

A

adenosine tri phosphate/ adenosine di phosphate

24
Q

what is ATP

A

a high energy carrier where the energy is stored in the unstable phosphate bonds

25
Q

what is ADP

A

a lower energy carrier compared to ATP, as it only has one phosphate bond

26
Q

why is ATP broken down into ADP

A

to release energy

27
Q

what is the chemical equation for ATP->ADP

A

ATP +H2O—>ADP + P +Energy

28
Q

what is the chemical equation for ADP->ATP

A

ADP + P + Energy —> ATP + H2O

29
Q

what is it called when a phosphate is added?

A

Phosphorylation

30
Q

what are NADH

A

high energy, electron and hydrogen carriers. energy comes from electrons gained and a high energy bond with hydrogen.

31
Q

what does NAD/NADP stand for?

A

nicotinamide adenine di nucleotide/ nicotinamide adenine di nucleotide phosphate

32
Q

what is NAD

A

a low energy carrier that are capable of combining with electrons and hydrogen ions/protons. when they combine they become negatively charged thereby gaining energy as electrons are high in energy.

33
Q

what has more energy NAD- or NAD+

A

NAD-

34
Q

What does NAD+ with two electrons become?

A

NAD-

35
Q

What does NAD- with a hydrogen ion/proton become?

A

NADH

36
Q

what is the order of NAD+, NAD- and NADH in terms of energy low to high

A

NAD+, NAD-, NADH