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LC biology (sophie) > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

The testes produce sperm and testosterone. They are held in the scrotum, a sac of skin outside the body that keeps them at a lower temperature (about 35°C), which is optimal for meiosis to occur.

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2
Q

What is the role of meiosis in sperm and egg production?

A

Meiosis produces gametes (sperm cells) by halving the chromosome number from 46 to 23. This allows for fertilization to restore the chromosome count to 46. Meiosis also introduces genetic variation through crossing over and segregation.

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3
Q

Describe the structure of a sperm cell.

A

• Head: Contains digestive enzymes to help penetrate the egg.
• Nucleus: Contains 23 chromosomes.
• Neck: Contains mitochondria for energy.
• Tail: Allows the sperm to swim towards the egg.

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4
Q

What is the role of the epididymis?

A

The epididymis is where sperm mature and are stored until ejaculation.

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5
Q

What is the function of the sperm duct

A

The sperm duct transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation.

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6
Q

What is the role of the seminal vesicles, Cowper’s gland, and prostate gland?

A

These glands produce seminal fluid, which nourishes the sperm and provides a medium for them to swim. Together, sperm and seminal fluid form semen.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the urethra in the male reproductive system?

A

The urethra serves as a passage for both urine and semen, though not at the same time.

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8
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

The penis deposits sperm into the female body. It contains spongy tissue that allows it to become erect during arousal, aiding in ejaculation.

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9
Q

Funtion of ovary

A

to produce the egg. To produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone

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10
Q

Function of fallopian tube

A

catches egg from ovary and transports it to uterus. Site of fertilisation. The egg is moved along the tube byciliaandmuscular peristalsis. The egg is eitherfertilisedor dies in the fallopian tube

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11
Q

Function of uterus

A

site of implantation. Holds the developing embryo. Has a lining called endometrium, this is enriched with blood vessels to nourish the embryo. Forms placenta

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12
Q

Function of vagina

A

allows entry of sperm and exit of baby at birth. Called the birth canal during labor. Linedwith cells that produce mucous. Thisservesto protect against the entry ofpathogens.

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13
Q

Function of cervix

A

is the neck/ narrowest part of Uterus, itseparates
the uterus from the vagina.

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14
Q

Function of endometrium

A

part of itforms theplacentaduring pregnancy. Thisendometrium liningthickens each month with cells and blood vessels to nourish theembryo and is lost each month if no egg isfertilised.

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15
Q

Name six parts of female reproductive system

A

Ovary, fallopian tube, uterus, vagina, cervix, endometrium

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16
Q

What is testosterone responsible for

A
  • thedevelopment of the primary and secondary male sexual characteristics
  • Theprimarysexual characteristics are the presence of the male and female reproductiveparts
  • Secondary sexual characteristics refer to features that distinguish males from females, apart fromtheirsex organs
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17
Q

What are the male secondary sexual characteristics

A
  • The growth of pubic, facial and body hair
  • The enlargement of larynx and ‘breaking’ ofthe voice
  • Increased muscular development and bonedevelopment
  • A growth spurt at puberty
  • An increased secretion of sebum in the skin
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18
Q

What are the two hormones produced in the ovaries

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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19
Q

What are the female secondary sexual characteristics

A
  • The maturing and enlargement of the breasts.
  • The widening of the pelvis to allow for birth.
  • The growth of pubic and underarm hair.
    A growth spurt.
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20
Q

What are the primary functions of the ovaries?

A

The ovaries produce eggs and secrete the female hormones oestrogen and progesterone.

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21
Q

What process leads to egg development in the ovaries, and what changes occur during this process?

A

Eggs develop through meiosis, where the chromosome number is reduced from diploid (2n) to haploid (n).

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22
Q

How often do eggs develop after puberty, and what typically happens to most of them?

A

After puberty, a number of eggs begin to develop each month, but usually only one egg continues to mature while the rest die.

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23
Q

What is the Graafian follicle, and what role does it play in the development of the egg?

A

The Graafian follicle is a structure that surrounds the egg once meiosis is complete and plays a role in maturing the egg.

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24
Q

What hormone is produced by the Graafian follicle, and what is its function?

A

The Graafian follicle produces oestrogen, a hormone involved in regulating the menstrual cycle and preparing the body for possible pregnancy.

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25
Q

What happens to the Graafian follicle during ovulation?

A

The mature Graafian follicle forms a swelling on the surface of the ovary and eventually bursts to release the egg during ovulation.

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26
Q

What is the Corpus luteum, and how does it form?

A

After ovulation, the empty Graafian follicle fills with yellow cells, transforming into the Corpus luteum (yellow body).

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27
Q

What hormone does the Corpus luteum produce, and what is its significance?

A

The Corpus luteum secretes progesterone, a hormone essential for maintaining the uterine lining and supporting early pregnancy if fertilization occurs.

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28
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

A 28-day sequence that produces an egg and prepares the body for pregnancy. It begins at puberty and continues until menopause.

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29
Q

What happens during Days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation occurs, shedding the endometrium. The pituitary gland releases Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), stimulating the production of mature eggs and the formation of the Graafian follicle.

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30
Q

What is the role of FSH during Days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH stimulates the production of mature eggs by meiosis and promotes the formation of the Graafian follicle, which surrounds the chosen egg and starts producing Oestrogen.

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31
Q

Describe what happens in Days 6-13 of the menstrual cycle.

A

The Graafian follicle grows and produces increasing amounts of Oestrogen, which inhibits FSH and stimulates the release of Luteinising Hormone (LH) on Day 13.

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32
Q

How does Oestrogen function in Days 6-13?

A

Oestrogen inhibits FSH to prevent more eggs from developing and stimulates the production of LH. It also aids in the repair and buildup of the endometrium.

33
Q

What significant event happens on Day 14?

A

The pituitary gland releases Luteinising Hormone (LH), leading to ovulation, which is the release of an egg from the ovary.

34
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Ovulation is the release of an egg from the ovary, occurring on Day 14 when the Graafian follicle bursts.

35
Q

Describe the events that take place during Days 15-28.

A

LH helps the Graafian follicle transform into the Corpus Luteum, which produces Progesterone to maintain the endometrium and prevent contractions.

36
Q

What role does the Corpus Luteum play in the menstrual cycle?

A

The Corpus Luteum produces Progesterone, which maintains the endometrium and prevents uterine contractions.

37
Q

Explain the role of Progesterone in the menstrual cycle.

A

Progesterone maintains the endometrium and prevents contractions. It inhibits FSH and LH to avoid new cycle initiation until levels drop if no fertilization occurs.

38
Q

When is the fertile period in the menstrual cycle?

A

The fertile period is from Days 12-16, when fertilization is most likely.

39
Q

Why is the fertile period from Days 12-16?

A

The egg survives for 1-2 days after release, while sperm can live 3-5 days, making Days 12-16 the window when fertilization is most likely.

40
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

A 28-day sequence that produces an egg and prepares the body for pregnancy. It begins at puberty and continues until menopause.

41
Q

What happens during Days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle?

A

• Menstruation occurs, shedding the endometrium (lining of the uterus).
• The pituitary gland releases Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
• FSH stimulates the production of mature eggs through meiosis and the formation of the Graafian follicle.
• The Graafian follicle surrounds a selected egg and begins producing Oestrogen.

42
Q

What is the role of FSH during Days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH stimulates the production of mature eggs by meiosis and promotes the formation of the Graafian follicle, which surrounds the chosen egg and starts producing Oestrogen.

43
Q

Describe what happens in Days 6-13 of the menstrual cycle.

A

• The Graafian follicle grows and produces increasing amounts of Oestrogen.
• Oestrogen inhibits FSH to prevent further egg development and stimulates the release of Luteinising Hormone (LH) on Day 13.
• Oestrogen helps repair and rebuild the endometrium.

44
Q

How does Oestrogen function in Days 6-13?

A

Oestrogen inhibits FSH to prevent more eggs from developing and stimulates the production of LH. It also aids in the repair and buildup of the endometrium.

45
Q

What significant event happens on Day 14?

A

• The pituitary gland releases Luteinising Hormone (LH), leading to ovulation.
• Ovulation is the release of an egg from the ovary when the Graafian follicle bursts.
• The egg enters the fallopian tube where it may encounter sperm.

46
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Ovulation is the release of an egg from the ovary, occurring on Day 14 when the Graafian follicle bursts, allowing the egg to enter the fallopian tube.

47
Q

Describe the events that take place during Days 15-28.

A

• LH helps the Graafian follicle transform into the Corpus Luteum in the ovary.
• The Corpus Luteum produces Progesterone, which maintains the endometrium and prevents contractions in the uterine lining.
• Progesterone inhibits FSH and LH to prevent a new cycle from starting.
• By Day 22, if there is no fertilization, the Corpus Luteum degenerates, lowering Progesterone levels, and FSH is released to begin a new cycle.

48
Q

What role does the Corpus Luteum play in the menstrual cycle?

A

The Corpus Luteum, formed from the Graafian follicle, produces Progesterone, which maintains the endometrium and prevents uterine contractions. If fertilization does not occur, it degenerates by Day 22.

49
Q

Explain the role of Progesterone in the menstrual cycle.

A

Progesterone, produced by the Corpus Luteum, maintains the endometrium and prevents contractions. It inhibits FSH and LH to avoid new cycle initiation until levels drop if no fertilization occurs.

50
Q

When is the fertile period in the menstrual cycle?

A

The fertile period is from Days 12-16. The egg, released on Day 14, survives 1-2 days. Sperm can survive 3-5 days, making Days 12-16 the window when fertilization is most likely.

51
Q

Why is the fertile period from Days 12-16?

A

The egg, released on Day 14, typically survives for 1-2 days, while sperm can live 3-5 days in the female body. Thus, Days 12-16 mark the highest chance of fertilization if sperm is present.

52
Q

Explain the formation of the placenta.

A

The placenta forms from the mother’s endometrial tissue and the embryo’s chorionic villi, creating a connection between mother and child.

53
Q

When does the placenta become fully functional, and what hormone does it produce?

A

The placenta becomes fully functional after 3 months, producing progesterone to maintain the endometrium during pregnancy.

54
Q

What is the role of the umbilical cord?

A

The umbilical cord connects the placenta to the embryo, facilitating the exchange of substances.

55
Q

What are the main functions of the placenta?

A

The placenta (1) allows the exchange of nutrients, wastes, gases, antibodies, and hormones between mother and embryo, and (2) produces progesterone to support the endometrium.

56
Q

What forms 10 days after fertilisation within the blastocyst?

A

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst forms the embryonic disc.

57
Q

What are germ layers, and what do they form?

A

Germ layers are basic layers of cells in the blastocyst from which all tissues and organs form.

58
Q

Name the three germ layers and their locations.

A
  1. Ectoderm (outside)
  2. Mesoderm (middle; split by a layer called the coelom)
  3. Endoderm (inside)
59
Q

What happens during Week 4 of foetal development?

A

The heart forms, and the umbilical cord develops.

60
Q

When does the heart start to beat?

A

During Week 5.

61
Q

What visible and structural developments occur by Week 6?

A

Eyes are visible, and the skeleton is in early development.

62
Q

What defines Week 8 in foetal development?

A

• The foetus is formed.
• Major body organs are developed.
• Bone begins to replace cartilage.

63
Q

What significant changes occur at Week 12?

A

• Nerves and muscles become coordinated, enabling limb movement.
• The placenta is fully functional.

64
Q

How long does the gestation period last?

A

Approximately 38 weeks.

65
Q

What hormone changes occur just before birth?

A

The placenta stops making progesterone, leading to uterine contractions. The pituitary gland releases oxytocin, causing further contractions.

66
Q

What happens during Stage 1 of labour?

A

• Uterine contractions push the foetus toward the cervix, causing dilation.
• The amnion breaks, releasing amniotic fluid (“waters break”).

67
Q

What occurs in Stage 2 of labour?

A

• The foetus is pushed through the cervix and birth canal head first.
• The umbilical cord is clamped and cut.

68
Q

What is expelled during Stage 3 of labour?

A

The afterbirth, which includes the umbilical cord and placenta.

69
Q

What is the difference between birth control and contraception?

A

• Birth control limits the number of children born.
• Contraception deliberately prevents fertilisation or pregnancy.

70
Q

Name the four types of contraception and provide examples.

A
  1. Physical: Male condoms.
  2. Chemical:
    • Female: Combined pill (oestrogen and progesterone).
    • Male: Spermicide (not widely effective, often combined with condoms).
  3. Surgical:
    • Female: Fallopian tubes tied.
    • Male: Vasectomy (sperm ducts tied or cut).
  4. Natural: Avoid intercourse during the fertile period by monitoring body temperature and cervical mucus.
71
Q

Define infertility.

A

The inability of a couple to achieve conception.

72
Q

What are common causes of male infertility due to low sperm count?

A

• Persistent use of alcohol, cigarettes, or anabolic steroids.
• Unhealthy lifestyle.
• Stress.

73
Q

How can male infertility be prevented or treated?

A

• Change in diet and lifestyle (e.g., stop alcohol and smoking).
• Reduce stress.

74
Q

What causes blockage of the fallopian tubes in females?

A

• Scarring from endometriosis or inflammation due to infection.

75
Q

How is blockage of fallopian tubes treated?

A

In-vitro fertilisation (IVF).

76
Q

Outline the steps of IVF.

A
  1. Fertility drugs stimulate egg production.
  2. Eggs and sperm are collected.
  3. Eggs and sperm are mixed in ideal conditions for fertilisation.
  4. If successful, blastocyst is implanted into the uterus.
77
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

A condition where the uterus lining spreads to other areas.

78
Q

What are the causes and treatments of endometriosis?

A

• Cause: Unknown (linked to immune and hormonal irregularities).
• Treatment: Hormone therapy or conservative surgery.

LC biology (sophie) (12 decks)

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