Musculoskeletal system 2.0

Question 1

What is the musculoskeletal system controlled by?

Answer 1

Nervous system.

EG: Brain.

Question 2

What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 2

Support, Protection, Movement, Manufacturing blood components.

Question 3

How many bones does the human skeleton have?

Answer 3

213 bones.

Question 4

How is the human skeleton divided?

Answer 4

Divided into Axial & Appendicular skeleton.

Question 5

What is the axial skeleton composed of?

Answer 5

Skull, Spine, Ribs.

Question 6

What is the composition of the skull?

Answer 6

Formed of 20 fused bones, protects the brain, immovable joint.

Question 7

What is the spine made up of?

Answer 7

33 small bones called vertebrae, grouped into 5 regions.

Question 8

What is the rib cage composed of?

Answer 8

12 pairs of ribs.

Question 9

What are true ribs?

Answer 9

1-7 ribs that attach to the sternum and vertebrae

Question 10

What are false ribs?

Answer 10

8-10 ribs attached by cartilage at the front to rib above and vertebrae at back

Question 11

What are floating ribs?

Answer 11

11-12 ribs that only attach to the spine.

Question 12

What is the function of the spine?

Answer 12

Supports the middle part of the body, allows for some movement, protects spinal cord.

Question 13

What is the appendicular skeleton composed of?

Answer 13

Pectoral Girdle, Pelvic Girdle, Limbs.

Question 14

What does the pectoral girdle consist of?

Answer 14

Clavicle (collar bone) & scapula (shoulder blades).

Question 15

What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

Answer 15

2 halves, each with 3 fused bones, joined at the front by flexible cartilage.

Question 16

What are limbs made up of?

Answer 16

Arms and legs, each ending in five digits (pentadactyl limbs).

Question 17

What are the components of the arms?

Answer 17

Humerus, Elbow, Radius and Ulna, Metacarpals, Phalanges.

Question 18

What is the humerus?

Answer 18

The long bone at the top of the arm, connects to the pectoral girdle.

Question 19

What is the function of the elbow?

Answer 19

Joint that connects the upper & lower arm.

Question 20

What are the radius and ulna?

Answer 20

Radius is on the thumb side; Ulna is on the little finger side.

Question 21

What are metacarpals?

Answer 21

The 5 bones at the palms of each hand.

Question 22

What are phalanges?

Answer 22

The 14 finger bones in each hand.

Question 23

What are the components of the legs?

Answer 23

Femur, Patella, Tibia and Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges.

Question 24

What is the femur?

Answer 24

The longest bone in the body, located at the top of the leg.

Question 25

What is the patella?

Answer 25

Kneecap, located between the upper and lower leg.

Question 26

What are the tibia and fibula?

Answer 26

Tibia is the shin bone; Fibula is underneath the shin bone.

Question 27

What are tarsals?

Answer 27

The 7 ankle bones.

Question 28

What are metatarsals?

Answer 28

The 5 bones in the foot.

Question 29

What are phalanges in the feet?

Answer 29

The 14 bones in the toes.

Question 30

What are the structures of bones?

Answer 30

Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Periosteum.

Question 31

What is the epiphysis?

Answer 31

The ends of long bones, two in total.

Question 32

What is the diaphysis?

Answer 32

The long, extended part of the bone.

Question 33

What is the periosteum?

Answer 33

The outer covering of bones, containing nerve fibers & blood vessels.

Question 34

What is cartilage?

Answer 34

A firm but flexible protein made of collagen, contains no blood vessels or nerves.

Question 35

What are the functions of cartilage?

Answer 35

Protect bones and reduce friction.

Question 36

What are the types of bones?

Answer 36

Compact bone, Spongy bone, Medullary cavity.

Question 37

What is compact bone?

Answer 37

Formed from osteoblasts, located in diaphysis.

Question 38

What is spongy bone?

Answer 38

Contains hollows and red bone marrow, located in epiphysis.

Question 39

What is the medullary cavity?

Answer 39

Contains bone marrow, changes from red to yellow in adults.

Question 40

What are joints?

Answer 40

Where two or more bones meet.

Question 41

What are the three types of joints?

Answer 41

Immovable, Slightly movable, Freely movable (Synovial).

Question 42

What are immovable joints?

Answer 42

Joints that cannot move, e.g., the skull.

Question 43

What are slightly movable joints?

Answer 43

Joints that can move slightly, e.g., vertebrae.

Question 44

What are freely movable (synovial) joints?

Answer 44

Joints with very free movement, covered with cartilage.

Question 45

What is a synovial membrane?

Answer 45

Secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint movement.

Question 46

What are examples of freely movable joints?

Answer 46

Ball & socket (e.g., hip & shoulder) and hinge (e.g., knee & elbow).

Question 47

What are tendons?

Answer 47

Join muscle to bone, composed of collagen.

Question 48

What are ligaments?

Answer 48

Join bone to bone, keep joints stable.

Question 49

What are the three types of muscle associated with the human body?

Answer 49

Cardiac, Smooth, Skeletal.

Question 50

What is muscular contraction?

Answer 50

An active process that needs energy.

Question 51

How do bones move?

Answer 51

When a muscle moves, it pulls on the tendon to move the bone.

Question 52

What is an antagonistic pair?

Answer 52

Two muscles that have opposite effects to each other.

Question 53

What is the function of the bicep?

Answer 53

Contracts to bend the arm.

Question 54

What is the function of the tricep?

Answer 54

Contracts to straighten the arm.

Question 55

What is arthritis?

Answer 55

Swelling in a joint area.

Question 56

What are the two types of arthritis?

Answer 56

Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 57

What causes osteoarthritis?

Answer 57

Cartilage in synovial joints wears down, causing soreness and stiffness.

Question 58

What causes rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 58

Genetic factors leading to serious joint inflammation.

Question 59

What are prevention methods for arthritis?

Answer 59

Reduce joint damage in younger life, wear proper footwear.

Question 60

What are treatments for arthritis?

Answer 60

Surgery and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Question 61

What are osteoclasts?

Answer 61

Cells that digest and remove old bone.

Question 62

What are osteoblasts?

Answer 62

Cells that produce and lay down new bone.

Question 63

What is ossification?

Answer 63

The process of laying down new bone material.

Question 64

How does bone formation occur?

Answer 64

Embryonic cartilage changes into bone, osteoblasts produce collagen.

Question 65

What causes growth in bone length?

Answer 65

The growth plate located between the epiphysis and diaphysis.

Question 66

What affects bone development?

Answer 66

Osteoclasts remove bone material, osteoblasts create more bone.

Question 67

What contributes to the renewal of bones?

Answer 67

Physical activity, hormones, and diet.

Question 68

How does physical activity affect bones?

Answer 68

Weight-bearing activity results in bone renewal.

Question 69

What hormone is responsible for calcium removal in bones?

Answer 69

Parathormone stimulates osteoclasts.

Question 70

What dietary components are important for bone health?

Answer 70

Calcium-rich foods and vitamin D.

Question 71

What are intervertebral discs made from?

Answer 71

Cartilage.

Question 72

What is the function of intervertebral discs?

Answer 72

Allows for friction-free movements.

Question 73

What are sometimes referred to as innominate bones

Answer 73

The pelvis/ hip bones