Musculoskeletal system 2.0 Flashcards
What is the musculoskeletal system controlled by?
Nervous system.
EG: Brain.
What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?
Support, Protection, Movement, Manufacturing blood components.
How many bones does the human skeleton have?
213 bones.
How is the human skeleton divided?
Divided into Axial & Appendicular skeleton.
What is the axial skeleton composed of?
Skull, Spine, Ribs.
What is the composition of the skull?
Formed of 20 fused bones, protects the brain, immovable joint.
What is the spine made up of?
33 small bones called vertebrae, grouped into 5 regions.
What is the rib cage composed of?
12 pairs of ribs.
What are true ribs?
1-7 ribs that attach to the sternum and vertebrae
What are false ribs?
8-10 ribs attached by cartilage at the front to rib above and vertebrae at back
What are floating ribs?
11-12 ribs that only attach to the spine.
What is the function of the spine?
Supports the middle part of the body, allows for some movement, protects spinal cord.
What is the appendicular skeleton composed of?
Pectoral Girdle, Pelvic Girdle, Limbs.
What does the pectoral girdle consist of?
Clavicle (collar bone) & scapula (shoulder blades).
What does the pelvic girdle consist of?
2 halves, each with 3 fused bones, joined at the front by flexible cartilage.
What are limbs made up of?
Arms and legs, each ending in five digits (pentadactyl limbs).
What are the components of the arms?
Humerus, Elbow, Radius and Ulna, Metacarpals, Phalanges.
What is the humerus?
The long bone at the top of the arm, connects to the pectoral girdle.
What is the function of the elbow?
Joint that connects the upper & lower arm.
What are the radius and ulna?
Radius is on the thumb side; Ulna is on the little finger side.
What are metacarpals?
The 5 bones at the palms of each hand.
What are phalanges?
The 14 finger bones in each hand.
What are the components of the legs?
Femur, Patella, Tibia and Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges.
What is the femur?
The longest bone in the body, located at the top of the leg.
What is the patella?
Kneecap, located between the upper and lower leg.
What are the tibia and fibula?
Tibia is the shin bone; Fibula is underneath the shin bone.
What are tarsals?
The 7 ankle bones.
What are metatarsals?
The 5 bones in the foot.
What are phalanges in the feet?
The 14 bones in the toes.
What are the structures of bones?
Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Periosteum.
What is the epiphysis?
The ends of long bones, two in total.
What is the diaphysis?
The long, extended part of the bone.
What is the periosteum?
The outer covering of bones, containing nerve fibers & blood vessels.
What is cartilage?
A firm but flexible protein made of collagen, contains no blood vessels or nerves.
What are the functions of cartilage?
Protect bones and reduce friction.
What are the types of bones?
Compact bone, Spongy bone, Medullary cavity.
What is compact bone?
Formed from osteoblasts, located in diaphysis.
What is spongy bone?
Contains hollows and red bone marrow, located in epiphysis.
What is the medullary cavity?
Contains bone marrow, changes from red to yellow in adults.
What are joints?
Where two or more bones meet.
What are the three types of joints?
Immovable, Slightly movable, Freely movable (Synovial).
What are immovable joints?
Joints that cannot move, e.g., the skull.
What are slightly movable joints?
Joints that can move slightly, e.g., vertebrae.
What are freely movable (synovial) joints?
Joints with very free movement, covered with cartilage.
What is a synovial membrane?
Secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint movement.
What are examples of freely movable joints?
Ball & socket (e.g., hip & shoulder) and hinge (e.g., knee & elbow).
What are tendons?
Join muscle to bone, composed of collagen.
What are ligaments?
Join bone to bone, keep joints stable.
What are the three types of muscle associated with the human body?
Cardiac, Smooth, Skeletal.
What is muscular contraction?
An active process that needs energy.
How do bones move?
When a muscle moves, it pulls on the tendon to move the bone.
What is an antagonistic pair?
Two muscles that have opposite effects to each other.
What is the function of the bicep?
Contracts to bend the arm.
What is the function of the tricep?
Contracts to straighten the arm.
What is arthritis?
Swelling in a joint area.
What are the two types of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritis.
What causes osteoarthritis?
Cartilage in synovial joints wears down, causing soreness and stiffness.
What causes rheumatoid arthritis?
Genetic factors leading to serious joint inflammation.
What are prevention methods for arthritis?
Reduce joint damage in younger life, wear proper footwear.
What are treatments for arthritis?
Surgery and anti-inflammatory drugs.
What are osteoclasts?
Cells that digest and remove old bone.
What are osteoblasts?
Cells that produce and lay down new bone.
What is ossification?
The process of laying down new bone material.
How does bone formation occur?
Embryonic cartilage changes into bone, osteoblasts produce collagen.
What causes growth in bone length?
The growth plate located between the epiphysis and diaphysis.
What affects bone development?
Osteoclasts remove bone material, osteoblasts create more bone.
What contributes to the renewal of bones?
Physical activity, hormones, and diet.
How does physical activity affect bones?
Weight-bearing activity results in bone renewal.
What hormone is responsible for calcium removal in bones?
Parathormone stimulates osteoclasts.
What dietary components are important for bone health?
Calcium-rich foods and vitamin D.
What are intervertebral discs made from?
Cartilage.
What is the function of intervertebral discs?
Allows for friction-free movements.
What are sometimes referred to as innominate bones
The pelvis/ hip bones
