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Pathology I > Session 9 - Cardio I ( Heart Failure) > Flashcards

Session 9 - Cardio I ( Heart Failure) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six reasons for pump/flow failure?

A 
Primary myocardial injury 
Obstructed flow 
Regurgitant flow 
Blood shunts 
Conduction disturbances 
Ruptures
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2
Q

What occurs with primary myocardial injury?

A

Weak contraction + Incomplete emptying/filling of chambers

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3
Q

What occurs with obstruction of flow?

A

increased volume and pressure behind obstruction

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4
Q

What can cause obstruction to flow?

A

Stenotic valves
Narrowed vessels
Systemic/pulmonary hypertension

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5
Q

What is regurgitant flow?

A

increases volume behind failing valve

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6
Q

What are aneurysms?

A

Localized dilation in blood vessels. Making them thin and weak and in turn prone to rupture

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7
Q

Where do aneurysms most commonly occur?

A

Large elastic arteries in thoracic or abdominal cavities

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8
Q

What occurs with an incomplete tear?

A

Blood dissects along smooth muscle or adventitial planes, slowing the speed of blood loss

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9
Q

What is the common location of aneurysm in turkeys?

A

Abdominal aorta

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10
Q

Why to turkeys get aneurysms in a specific location?

A

related to rapid growth

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11
Q

What is the common location of an aneurysm in a stallion?

A

Proximal aorta

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12
Q

Why are stallions predisposed to aneurysms in a specific location?

A

Breeding associated

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13
Q

What is the cause of abdominal aorta aneurysms in horses?

A

Strongylus vulgaris

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14
Q

What are the two places dogs are prone to have aneurysms?

A

Thoracic aorta + Proximal aorta

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15
Q

Why do dogs tend to get aneurysms in their thoracic aorta?

A

Spiro lupi

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16
Q

Why do dogs tend to get aneurysms in their proximal aorta?

A

Underlying CT disorder

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17
Q

Why do pigs tend to get aneurysms?

A

Copper deficiency

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18
Q

What are the three types of degenerative vascular disease?

A

Arteriosclerosis + Atherosclerosis + Arterial medial calcification

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19
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

Large elastic arteries with intimal fibrosis

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20
Q

What can cause arteriosclerosis?

A

Turbulence + Age

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21
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Elastic + Muscular arteries, intima + media lipid deposits

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22
Q

When is atherosclerosis seen?

A

Pigs, birds, and dogs with high cholestrol

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23
Q

What is arterial medial calcification?

A

Elastic + muscular arteries, mineral deposition

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24
Q

What are the possible causes in arterial medial calcification?

A

Calcinogenic plants
Vit. D toxicosis
Uremia/renal disease
Johne’s disease

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25
Q

What causes brisket disease?

A

High altitude creates hypoxic environment that triggers pulmonary hypertension in cattle

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26
Q

What is the mechanism by which brisket disease occurs?

A

Hypoxia - Vasoconstriction - Work induced hypertrophy of arterial walls - increased pressure + resistance - dilation/hypertrophy of right ventricle = CHF

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27
Q

What gives brisket disease it’s name?

A

Ventral edema

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28
Q

What areas are affected most with myocardial hypoxia + necrosis?

A

Papillary muscles of LV

Subendocardial areas

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29
Q

What are the histological presentation of myocardial injury?

A

Swelling, hypereosinophila + vacuolar degeneration
Loss of striations
Nuclear pyknosis
Inflammatory infiltrates

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30
Q

What is the progression of heart failure?

A

Primary pump failure
Backward failure
Forward failure

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31
Q

What is backward failure?

A

Accumulation of blood behind failing chamber

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32
Q

What is forward failure?

A

Loss of cardiac reserve, reduction of blood flow to peripheral tissues

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33
Q

What occurs if heart failure progresses gradually?

A

Cardiovascular compensatory changes

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34
Q

What happens with cardiovascular compensatory changes?

A

Chamber dilation + Myocardial hypertrophy = increased SV
Increased HR + BV + Peripheral resistance
Redistribution of BF

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35
Q

What does hypoxia induce in bone marrow?

A

Erythropoiesis

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36
Q

What does hypoxia induce in the spleen?

A

Polycythemia

37
Q

What does polycythemia + erythropoiesis do to the composition of blood?

A

Oxygen carrying capacity increase as well as viscosity

Therefor workload on the heart also increases

38
Q

What clinical symptoms do you see with right sided heart failure?

A

Hepatic + Splenic congestion
Ventral subcutaneous edema
Ascites
Hydrothroax

39
Q

What occurs with left sided heart failure?

A

Pulmonary edema + Congestion

40
Q

How does hypoxia effect the kidneys?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells are stimulated to release Renin

Renin stimulates aldosterone + AngII

41
Q

What does AngII do?

A

Thrist + ADH release

42
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Water retention + potassium loss

43
Q

What are the two types of cardiomyopathy?

A

Dilated + Hypertrophic

44
Q

What are the two major reasons for left sided heart failure?

A

Myocarditis + Myocardial necrosis

Mirtal/Aortic valve disease

45
Q

What are two major reasons for right sided heart failure?

A

Pulmonary hypertension

Triscuspid + Pulmonic stenosis

46
Q

What part of the heart is good for detecting nutritional status of the animal?

A

Fat on the heart

47
Q

What are jet lesions?

A

Fibrosis under endocardium above or below abnormal valve due to turbulence

48
Q

What is an atrial septal defect?

A

Incomplete closure of atrial septum or failure of closure of foramen ovale

49
Q

Where is ASD seen most commonly?

A

Boxer + Doberman + Samoyed breeds

50
Q

What occurs with ASD?

A 
LT to RT shunting of blood 
Increased volume of blood to lungs 
Enlarged pulmonary vessels 
Pulmonary arterial hypertension 
RA ventricular dilation
51
Q

What is a ventricular septal defect?

A

Incomplete closure anywhere along ventricular septum

52
Q

Where is VSD seen most commonly?

A

English bulldogs + English springer spaniels + West Highland white terriers

53
Q

What occurs with VSD?

A

LT to RT shunting

LARGE DEFECTS lead to: Cardiomegaly + LA enlargement + pleural effusion + pulmonary edema

54
Q

What is patent ductus ateriosus?

A

Failure of closure of fetal connection formed by 6th aortic arch between aorta and pulmonary artery

55
Q

What would the connection responsible for PDA normally form?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

56
Q

What occurs with PDA?

A

LT to RT shunting
LV preload + enlargement
Pulmonary vessel dilation
Pulmonary hypertension

57
Q

What is clincally heard with a PDA?

A

Continous murmur

58
Q

What are the most common heart defects seen in horses?

A

VSD - PDA - Persistent truncus arteriosus

59
Q

What are the most common heart defects seen in ruminants?

A

Valvular hematomas
Patent foramen ovale
VSD
Transposition of aorta + pulmonary artery

60
Q

What are the most common heart defects seen in pigs?

A

Subaortic stenosis

Endocardial cushion defects

61
Q

What are the most common heart defects seen in dogs?

A 
PDA 
Pulmonic stenosis 
Subaortic stenosis 
PRAA 
VSD
62
Q

What are the most common cardiac defects seen in cats

A 
Endocardial cushion defects 
Mitral malformation 
VSD 
Endocardial fibroelstosis 
PDA
63
Q

What are the four conditions of tetralogy of fallot?

A

Narrowing of pulmonary valve
Thickening of RV wall
Displacement of aorta over ventricular septal defect
Ventricular septal defect

64
Q

Where is tetralogy of fallot most commonly seen?

A

Keeshond + English bulldogs

65
Q

What occurs with tetralogy of fallot?

A

RT to LT shunt via VSD
RV outflow obstruction due to pulmonic stenosis
RV hypertrophy

66
Q

What clinical signs are seen with tetralogy of fallot?

A

Cyanosis

67
Q

What are the two types of valvular stenosis?

A

Pulmonic + Aortic

68
Q

What is valvular stenosis?

A

Bands of firm CT form just below the valve (“Subvalvular stenotic ring”)
– or –
Narrowing formed by deformed/thickened valve

69
Q

What occurs with pulmonic stenosis?

A

Concentric RV hypertrophy from pressure overload in this chamber

70
Q

What occurs with aortic stenosis?

A

LV concentric hypertrophy
Varying degrees of LV necrosis
Fibrosis + Intraventricular arterial hypertrophy + hyperplasia

71
Q

What is hydropericardium?

A

Fluid in the pericardial sac

72
Q

What is hemopericardium?

A

Bleeding to into the pericardial sac

73
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

When either hydropericardium or hemopericardium occur to a severe enough extent causes restriction on the heart. Leading to reduced ventricular filling + Pulmonary edema + Cardiogenic shock

74
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

Fibrinous w/ acute inflammation

75
Q

What occurs with hardware disease?

A

Migration of linear metal from reticulum
Penetrates pericardial sac
Introduction of gut/environmental bacteria
Pericarditis

76
Q

What is brain-heart syndrome?

A

Association between neurologic injury + myocaridal necrosis

Associated w/ SNS stimulation of myocardial beta receptors

77
Q

What is selenium a key component of?

A

Glutathione peroxidase

78
Q

Why are myocardial cells the most sensitive to selenium or Vit E deficiencies?

A

Increased activity + high oxygen demand makes these cells particularly sensitive to oxidative damage

79
Q

What age is selenium and vitamin E deficiencies seen?

A

Young

80
Q

What disease do you see in pigs due to selenium deficiency?

A

Mulberry heart disease

81
Q

What disease do you see in cows with selenium deficiencie?

A

White muscle disease

82
Q

What is a major function of copper?

A

Promoting cross-linking of collagen

83
Q

What do you see with copper deficiencies?

A

Lesions in a number of organs
Weakened vascular integrity
Predisposes animal to aneurysmal dilations or tears

84
Q

What are three deficiencies that cause myocaridal necrosis, besides copper?

A

Thiamine + Magnesium + Potassium

85
Q

What animal is most commonly known for ionophore coccidiostat toxicity?

A

Horses

86
Q

What is anthracycline?

A

Antineoplastic drug used to treat lymphosarcoma in dogs

87
Q

What does anthracycline toxicity cause?

A

Acute myocardial necrosis via oxidative damage

Cytokine release + inhibition of protein synthesis

88
Q

When is gossypol toxicity seen?

A

Horses, ruminants, + swine fed a cottonseed diet

89
Q

What occurs with gossypol toxicity?

A

Lesions on organs similar to ionophore toxicity

Pathology I (19 decks)

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