Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology I > Session 9 - Cardio I ( Heart Failure) > Flashcards

Session 9 - Cardio I ( Heart Failure) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six reasons for pump/flow failure?

A 
Primary myocardial injury 
Obstructed flow 
Regurgitant flow 
Blood shunts 
Conduction disturbances 
Ruptures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What occurs with primary myocardial injury?

A

Weak contraction + Incomplete emptying/filling of chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What occurs with obstruction of flow?

A

increased volume and pressure behind obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can cause obstruction to flow?

A

Stenotic valves
Narrowed vessels
Systemic/pulmonary hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is regurgitant flow?

A

increases volume behind failing valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are aneurysms?

A

Localized dilation in blood vessels. Making them thin and weak and in turn prone to rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do aneurysms most commonly occur?

A

Large elastic arteries in thoracic or abdominal cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What occurs with an incomplete tear?

A

Blood dissects along smooth muscle or adventitial planes, slowing the speed of blood loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the common location of aneurysm in turkeys?

A

Abdominal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why to turkeys get aneurysms in a specific location?

A

related to rapid growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the common location of an aneurysm in a stallion?

A

Proximal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why are stallions predisposed to aneurysms in a specific location?

A

Breeding associated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the cause of abdominal aorta aneurysms in horses?

A

Strongylus vulgaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two places dogs are prone to have aneurysms?

A

Thoracic aorta + Proximal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do dogs tend to get aneurysms in their thoracic aorta?

A

Spiro lupi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why do dogs tend to get aneurysms in their proximal aorta?

A

Underlying CT disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why do pigs tend to get aneurysms?

A

Copper deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the three types of degenerative vascular disease?

A

Arteriosclerosis + Atherosclerosis + Arterial medial calcification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

Large elastic arteries with intimal fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can cause arteriosclerosis?

A

Turbulence + Age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Elastic + Muscular arteries, intima + media lipid deposits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When is atherosclerosis seen?

A

Pigs, birds, and dogs with high cholestrol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is arterial medial calcification?

A

Elastic + muscular arteries, mineral deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the possible causes in arterial medial calcification?

A

Calcinogenic plants
Vit. D toxicosis
Uremia/renal disease
Johne’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What causes brisket disease?
High altitude creates hypoxic environment that triggers pulmonary hypertension in cattle
26
What is the mechanism by which brisket disease occurs?
Hypoxia - Vasoconstriction - Work induced hypertrophy of arterial walls - increased pressure + resistance - dilation/hypertrophy of right ventricle = CHF
27
What gives brisket disease it's name?
Ventral edema
28
What areas are affected most with myocardial hypoxia + necrosis?
Papillary muscles of LV | Subendocardial areas
29
What are the histological presentation of myocardial injury?
Swelling, hypereosinophila + vacuolar degeneration Loss of striations Nuclear pyknosis Inflammatory infiltrates
30
What is the progression of heart failure?
Primary pump failure Backward failure Forward failure
31
What is backward failure?
Accumulation of blood behind failing chamber
32
What is forward failure?
Loss of cardiac reserve, reduction of blood flow to peripheral tissues
33
What occurs if heart failure progresses gradually?
Cardiovascular compensatory changes
34
What happens with cardiovascular compensatory changes?
Chamber dilation + Myocardial hypertrophy = increased SV Increased HR + BV + Peripheral resistance Redistribution of BF
35
What does hypoxia induce in bone marrow?
Erythropoiesis
36
What does hypoxia induce in the spleen?
Polycythemia
37
What does polycythemia + erythropoiesis do to the composition of blood?
Oxygen carrying capacity increase as well as viscosity | Therefor workload on the heart also increases
38
What clinical symptoms do you see with right sided heart failure?
Hepatic + Splenic congestion Ventral subcutaneous edema Ascites Hydrothroax
39
What occurs with left sided heart failure?
Pulmonary edema + Congestion
40
How does hypoxia effect the kidneys?
Juxtaglomerular cells are stimulated to release Renin | Renin stimulates aldosterone + AngII
41
What does AngII do?
Thrist + ADH release
42
What does aldosterone do?
Water retention + potassium loss
43
What are the two types of cardiomyopathy?
Dilated + Hypertrophic
44
What are the two major reasons for left sided heart failure?
Myocarditis + Myocardial necrosis | Mirtal/Aortic valve disease
45
What are two major reasons for right sided heart failure?
Pulmonary hypertension | Triscuspid + Pulmonic stenosis
46
What part of the heart is good for detecting nutritional status of the animal?
Fat on the heart
47
What are jet lesions?
Fibrosis under endocardium above or below abnormal valve due to turbulence
48
What is an atrial septal defect?
Incomplete closure of atrial septum or failure of closure of foramen ovale
49
Where is ASD seen most commonly?
Boxer + Doberman + Samoyed breeds
50
What occurs with ASD?
``` LT to RT shunting of blood Increased volume of blood to lungs Enlarged pulmonary vessels Pulmonary arterial hypertension RA ventricular dilation ```
51
What is a ventricular septal defect?
Incomplete closure anywhere along ventricular septum
52
Where is VSD seen most commonly?
English bulldogs + English springer spaniels + West Highland white terriers
53
What occurs with VSD?
LT to RT shunting | LARGE DEFECTS lead to: Cardiomegaly + LA enlargement + pleural effusion + pulmonary edema
54
What is patent ductus ateriosus?
Failure of closure of fetal connection formed by 6th aortic arch between aorta and pulmonary artery
55
What would the connection responsible for PDA normally form?
Ligamentum arteriosum
56
What occurs with PDA?
LT to RT shunting LV preload + enlargement Pulmonary vessel dilation Pulmonary hypertension
57
What is clincally heard with a PDA?
Continous murmur
58
What are the most common heart defects seen in horses?
VSD - PDA - Persistent truncus arteriosus
59
What are the most common heart defects seen in ruminants?
Valvular hematomas Patent foramen ovale VSD Transposition of aorta + pulmonary artery
60
What are the most common heart defects seen in pigs?
Subaortic stenosis | Endocardial cushion defects
61
What are the most common heart defects seen in dogs?
``` PDA Pulmonic stenosis Subaortic stenosis PRAA VSD ```
62
What are the most common cardiac defects seen in cats
``` Endocardial cushion defects Mitral malformation VSD Endocardial fibroelstosis PDA ```
63
What are the four conditions of tetralogy of fallot?
Narrowing of pulmonary valve Thickening of RV wall Displacement of aorta over ventricular septal defect Ventricular septal defect
64
Where is tetralogy of fallot most commonly seen?
Keeshond + English bulldogs
65
What occurs with tetralogy of fallot?
RT to LT shunt via VSD RV outflow obstruction due to pulmonic stenosis RV hypertrophy
66
What clinical signs are seen with tetralogy of fallot?
Cyanosis
67
What are the two types of valvular stenosis?
Pulmonic + Aortic
68
What is valvular stenosis?
Bands of firm CT form just below the valve ("Subvalvular stenotic ring") -- or -- Narrowing formed by deformed/thickened valve
69
What occurs with pulmonic stenosis?
Concentric RV hypertrophy from pressure overload in this chamber
70
What occurs with aortic stenosis?
LV concentric hypertrophy Varying degrees of LV necrosis Fibrosis + Intraventricular arterial hypertrophy + hyperplasia
71
What is hydropericardium?
Fluid in the pericardial sac
72
What is hemopericardium?
Bleeding to into the pericardial sac
73
What is cardiac tamponade?
When either hydropericardium or hemopericardium occur to a severe enough extent causes restriction on the heart. Leading to reduced ventricular filling + Pulmonary edema + Cardiogenic shock
74
What is pericarditis?
Fibrinous w/ acute inflammation
75
What occurs with hardware disease?
Migration of linear metal from reticulum Penetrates pericardial sac Introduction of gut/environmental bacteria Pericarditis
76
What is brain-heart syndrome?
Association between neurologic injury + myocaridal necrosis | Associated w/ SNS stimulation of myocardial beta receptors
77
What is selenium a key component of?
Glutathione peroxidase
78
Why are myocardial cells the most sensitive to selenium or Vit E deficiencies?
Increased activity + high oxygen demand makes these cells particularly sensitive to oxidative damage
79
What age is selenium and vitamin E deficiencies seen?
Young
80
What disease do you see in pigs due to selenium deficiency?
Mulberry heart disease
81
What disease do you see in cows with selenium deficiencie?
White muscle disease
82
What is a major function of copper?
Promoting cross-linking of collagen
83
What do you see with copper deficiencies?
Lesions in a number of organs Weakened vascular integrity Predisposes animal to aneurysmal dilations or tears
84
What are three deficiencies that cause myocaridal necrosis, besides copper?
Thiamine + Magnesium + Potassium
85
What animal is most commonly known for ionophore coccidiostat toxicity?
Horses
86
What is anthracycline?
Antineoplastic drug used to treat lymphosarcoma in dogs
87
What does anthracycline toxicity cause?
Acute myocardial necrosis via oxidative damage | Cytokine release + inhibition of protein synthesis
88
When is gossypol toxicity seen?
Horses, ruminants, + swine fed a cottonseed diet
89
What occurs with gossypol toxicity?
Lesions on organs similar to ionophore toxicity

Pathology I (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions