Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology I > Session 15 - Respiratory III > Flashcards

Session 15 - Respiratory III Flashcards

1
Q

What organisms tend to cause bronchopneumonia?

A

Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What organisms tend to cause interstitial pneumonia?

A

Viral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the major cause of shipping fever in cattle?

A

Mannheimia hemolytica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What organisms can occur in a co-infection with Mannheimia hemolytica in shipping fever?

A

BoHV-1
PI-3
Pasteurella multocida
Histophilus somni

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the pathologic mechanism of shipping fever?

A

Production of virulence factors
Kills bovine macrophages and neutrophils
Acute inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the main virulence factor in Mannheimia hemolytica that causes a lot of damage?

A

Leukotoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What lesions are seen with Manneheimia hemolytica in cattle?

A

Severe bronchopneumonia
Tissue necrosis
Alveolar hyperemia + hemorrhage
Alveoli filled with suppurative inflammation
Wide interlobular septa expanded by edema + fibrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the molecules that are responsible for the acute inflammation seen in shipping fever? (five listed)

A 
TNF-alpha 
IL-1 
IL-8 
Histamine 
Leukotrines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference in presentation between Mannheimia hemolytica and Histophilus somni?

A

HS will commonly spread to other parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are organ systems that tend be targets for Histophilus somni? What does it cause there?

A 
Myocarditis - heart
Arthritis - joints 
Opthalitis - eyes 
Otitis - ears 
Abortion - Fetus 
Encephalitis - Brain 
Septicemia - Blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are COMMON things seen in cattle with a histophilus somni infection?

A

Pneumonia + Pleuritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the four common animals affected by pasteurella multocida?

A

Cows + Pigs + Rabbits + Cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the presentation of pasteurella multocida in cattle?

A

Co-infection with shipping fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the presentation of pasteurella multocida in pigs?

A

Fibrinous bronchopneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the presentation of pasteurella multocida in rabbits?

A

Pleuropneumonia
Snuffles
Otitis
Bacteremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does pasteurella multocida tend to colonize in rabbits?

A

Nares

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the presentation of pasteurella multocida in cats?

A

Pyothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a bacteria that can cause pasteurellosis in sheep?

A

Bibersteinia trehalosi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an important virulence factor that is secreted by Bibersteinia trehalosi?

A

Leukotoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can cause porcine pleuropneumonia?

A

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae present in young pigs?

A

Septicemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae present in weaned pigs?

A

Otitis interna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What can Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause? What animal?

A

Ruminants - Septic pulmonary emboli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis cause? What animal?

A

Sheep/Goat - Caseous lymphadenitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the pathologic mechanism of Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis?
Bacteria introduced via inhalation/penetration Macrophages take up take to LN Forms pyogranumolomas
26
Where are common areas to see pyogranumolomas caused by Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis?
LN + Lungs + Subcutis
27
Where on the body is mycobacterium commonly found?
Mucosal surface of: | Respiratory + Urogenital tracts
28
What are the bacterial characteristics of Mycobacterium?
Acid-fast, no cell wall
29
What are the Mycoplasmas listed?
M. Bovis M. Mycoides ssp. mycocides M. Hyopneumoniae
30
What does Mycoplasma Bovis cause?
Chronic, necrotizing bronchopneumonia | With suppurative/caseated abscesses
31
What does a successful infection by Mycoplasma Bovis require?
Immunosuppression
32
What does the gross appearance of a lesion from Mycoplasma Bovis look like?
Necrosis centered around bronchi + bronchioles
33
What are other places, besides the lungs, that Mycoplasma Bovis can spread?
``` Mastitis Arthritis Otitis Keratoconjunctivitis Abortion ```
34
What is important to note about Mycoplasma Mycoides ssp. Mycoides
Reportable foreign animal disease in the US
35
What is a differential for Mycoplasma Mycoides ssp. Mycoides?
Mannheimia Hemolytica
36
What pathology is seen with Mycoplasma Mycoides ssp. Mycoides?
Severe pleuropneumonia
37
How can you tell a M. Mycoides infection from M. hemolytica?
MM - has a more caudal distribution Sequela of necrotic lung due to vascular thrombosis Wider expansion of interlobular seta
38
What does Mycoplasma hyopneumonia cause?
Porcine enzoonotic pneumonia
39
What is the pathologic presentation of Porcine enzoonotic pneumonia?
Suppurative + Catarrhal bronchopneumonia
40
What can make a pig susceptible to a Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae infection?
Ammonia + Hydrogen sulfide gases | Along with other stressors
41
How can streptococcus suis be transmitted?
Oral Aerogenous Vertically to fetus
42
What pathologic presentations are going to present with a Streptococcus suis infection?
``` Bronchopneumonia Polyarthritis Polyserositis Abortion Neonatal septicemia Meningitis ```
43
What is important to remember as a vet if dealing with cattle that could possibly be infected with Streptococcus suis infection?
Zoonotic | Can cause meningitis and septic shock in humans
44
What are the hemolytic species of Streptococcus?
Canis + Equi + Zooepidemicus
45
What do the hemolytic species of Streptococcus tend to cause in small animals?
Bronchopneumonia + Septicemia + Placentitis + Dermatitis
46
What co-infections can occur with Streptococcus infections in small animals?
Pasteurella Multocida E. Coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Bordetella bronchiseptica
47
What can cause a streptococcus infection in a small animal that is caused by us?
dentals
48
What does Streptococcus zooepidemicus cause in dogs?
Acute, hemorrhagic pleuropneumonia
49
What does a Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection look like grossly in a dog?
Diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage | Necrosuppurative exduate with hemorrhagic pleural effusion
50
What normally is the cause of death with Streptococcus zooepidemicus, even though rare?
Septicemic shock
51
What are the two systems affected by Rhodococcus equi?
Respiratory + Intestinal
52
What is seen in the respiratory systems with a Rhodococcus equi infection?
Severe granulomatous bronchopneumonia
53
What is seen in the intestinal tract with a Rhodococcus equi infection?
Ulcerative enterocolitis
54
What is the source for Rhodococcus equi?
Soil + Feces
55
What is the pathologic mechanism for Rhodococcus equi?
Alveolar macrophages uptake bacteria Bacteria multiply and rupture macrophages Lysosomal enzymes released Neutrophils response --> inflammatory cytokines released Tissue damage = Acute pyogranuloma
56
What are the two end results of a Rhodococcus equi infection?
Bronchopneumonia = death | Chronic caseous pneumonia
57
What is the cause of Bovine tuberculosis
Mycobacterium bovis
58
What is the pathologic mechanism of Mycobacterium bovis?
``` Alveolar macrophages take up bacteria Bacteria multiply and rupture macrophage Apread with in the lung Lymphatic invasion = Lymphadenitis Wide spread dissemination ```
59
What are the major pathologies seen with Mycobacterium bovis?
Chronic, granulomatous pneumonia | Lymphadenitis
60
What is important to remember as a vet if dealing with cattle that have a possible Mycobacterium bovis infection?
Zoonotic - transferred via contaminated milk + Aerosolization
61
What are the wildlife hosts of Mycobacterium bovis? Where?
US - Deer | UK - Badgers
62
What are animals can be infected by Bordetella bronchiseptica?
Dogs + Pigs + Cats + Rodents
63
What can Bordetella Bronchiseptica cause in pigs?
Atrophic Rhinitis
64
What are the symptoms seen in kennel cough?
Harsh cough that can be productive or non-productive
65
What is a common viral cause of equine viral pneumonia?
EHV 1,4
66
What is EVA?
Equine viral arteritis
67
What is the is the viral target in EVA?
Endothelial cells + Macrophages
68
What are the symptoms area seen with EVA?
``` Fever Diarrhea Colic Respiratory Distress Ventral abdominal/limb edema ```
69
What gross lesions are seen with EVA?
Multifocal hemorrhage + interstitial pneumonia
70
What is seen histologically with EVA?
``` Fibrinoid necrosis of small arterial walls Vasculitis/arteriolitis Edema + Hemorrhage Thickening of interstitium Type II pneumocyte hyperplasia ```
71
What is the pathologic mechanism for Canine Distemper?
Virus moves from conjunctiva or oral/nasal to tonsils | Moves through body via lymphatics
72
What cells can Canine Distemper survive in?
Lymphocytes + Macrophages
73
What are the gross lesions seen in Canine Distemper infections?
Suppurative bronchopneumonia | From extensive necrosis + subsequent inflammation
74
What cells does Canine Adenovirus 2 tend to target?
Pneumocytes + Bronchiolar epithelial cells
75
What do bronchiolar epithelial cells infected with canine adenovirus look like?
Large, basophilic, intranuclear inclusion bodies
76
What clinical symptoms appear with Canine Adenovirus 2?
Mild fever Oculonasal discharge Coughing
77
What lesions are seen with Canine Herpesvirus 1 infections?
Necrosis and Hemorrhage in lung, kidney, and liver
78
What is the normal pathologic mechanism of Canine Herpesvirus 1 infections?
In-utero - sometimes resulting in abortion | Presents in puppies less than 2 weeks of age
79
What disease process does Canine Herpesvirus 1 normally cause?
Fading puppy syndrome
80
What pathological problems are seen with a Canine Influenza infection?
Transient, necrotizing tracheitis Bronchitis Bronchiolitis
81
What is an important differential to remember when dealing with a possible Canine Influenza infection?
Kennel cough
82
What causes feline viral rhinotracheitis?
Feline Herpesvirus 1 + Calicivirus + Chlamydiosis
83
Where does feline herpesvirus 1 infect?
Epithelium of conjunctiva, nasopharynx, and sometimes bronchi
84
What lesions are seen with feline calicivirus?
Interstitial pneumonia | Inflammation of synovium in joints
85
What happens when a feline calicivirus has endothelial cell trophism?
Thrombosis + DIC
86
What is the mechanism of cell death when calcivirus infections?
Virus-induced apoptosis
87
What symptoms are seen with feline chlamydiosis?
Conjunctivitis and mucopurulent rhinitis
88
What are the two common causes of pneumonia in sheeps and goats?
Maedi-Visna (OPP) or CAE
89
What kind of viral infection causes OPP and CAE?
Lentiviral (aka retroviral)
90
How do OPP and CAE infections present?
Progressive dyspnea Weight loss Lesions in lung
91
What is the gross presentation of OPP and CAE?
Pale, heavy lungs that do not collapse | Enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes
92
Why are the tracheobronchial lymph nodes enlarged in OPP /CAE?
B cell lymphoid hyperplasia
93
What is seen histologically with OPP/CAE infections?
Wide alveolar septa Lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate BALT hyperplasia
94
What is the big histologic difference between CAE and OPP?
CAE - alveoli fill with surfactant | Appear pale pink material within alveoli
95
How is OPP and CAE transferred to the young?
Infected colostrum
96
How long is the incubation time for OPP and CAE?
2 years
97
Where is the virus contained during the incubation period of OPP and CAE?
Alveolar and Pulmonary Intravascular macrophages
98
What is the common cause of Swine viral pneumonia?
Swine influenza Type A
99
When do outbreaks of swine influenza normally occur?
Fall or Winter
100
What are the gross lesions seen with swine influenza infections?
Ventral, purple-red well demarcated areas of atelectasis Parts of lung will pale and emphysematous +/- Mucopurulent exudate in bronchi + Bronchioles +/- intralobulae septal edema + serofibrinous pleuritis
101
What is the histological presentation of swine influenza?
Exudative bronchiolitis | +/- Interstitial pneumonia
102
What can cause piglets to be presdisposed to bacterial pneumonia?
Porceine reproductive and respiratory syndrome -- and -- Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome
103
What are common targets of the Bovine Herpes viruses?
Respiratory Reproductive tracts Brain
104
What is another name for BoHV-1?
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
105
Where are the lesions in IBR?
Upper airways
106
What gross lesions are seen with IBR?
Mild to severe necrotizing tracheitis Conjunctivitis Nasal discharge Mucosal necrosis = Red nose
107
How is the BoHV-1 virus spread?
Secretions from eyes + nose | Reproductive tissues
108
Where does the Parainfluenza 3 virus replicate in the cow?
Type II Pneumocytes
109
What occurs pathologically with a PI3 infection alone?
Mild or subclinical respiratory disease
110
What is BRSV?
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus
111
What can BRSV cause?
Fatal bronchointerstitial pneumonia in weaning cattle
112
When does BRSV commonly infect cattle?
Winter
113
Where does BRSV affect the cattle?
Necrosis of ciliated mucosal epithelium + pneumocytes | Leads to metaplasia + type II pneumocyte hyperplasia
114
What gross lesions occur with a BRSV infection?
Interstitial pneumonia | Necrotizing bronchitis and bronchiolitis
115
What is seen in the histology of a cow infected with BRSV?
Syncytial cells with intracytoplasmic inclusions
116
What group of cattle are most affected by Bovine enzoonotic pneumonia?
Young calves
117
What viral pathogens can play a part in bovine enzoonotic pneumonia?
BoHV-1 PI-3 BRSV Adenovirus
118
What bacterial pathogens can play a part in bovine enzoonotic pneumonia?
``` Mannheimiosis Histophilosis Mycoplasma Arcanobacterium pyogenes E. Coli ```
119
What is bovine respiratory disease complex?
Enzootic pneumonia -- and -- Toxic intersitial pneumonia
120
What makes up Glasser's disease?
Swine polyserositis + Fibrinosuppurative bronchopneumonia
121
What is the etiologic agent of Glasser's disease?
Haemophilus parasuis + suis
122
What are the differentials for the lesions seen in Glasser's disease?
``` Serositis: Mycoplasma hyorhinis Streptococcus suis type II Sepsis: Salmonella E. Coli ```
123
What should fungus be stained with?
Silver stain
124
Where do lesions normally occur with fungal infections? What types of lesions?
Granulomatous to pyogranulomatous | Interstitial pneumonia
125
How do most fungal infections cause cellular damage in the lung?
Inflammatory mediators + cells cause disruption and death of respiratory mucosa Fungus proliferate --> spread through respiratory tract
126
How does a fungus spread from the lungs to the rest of the body?
Macrophages or embolism
127
What does it mean for a fungi to be dimorphic?
Yeast or Hyphae
128
What are the two phases that a fungus can be in ?
Saprophytic + Parasitic
129
What kind of characteristics do fungi have if they are in the saprophytic phase?
Environmental | Feed on dead organic material
130
What kind of characteristics do fungi have if they are in the environmental phase?
Feed on living host
131
What type of growing conditions does Aspergillus fumigatus prefer?
Moist environments | with dead, decaying matter
132
What form is Aspergillus fumigatus inhaled as?
Conidia
133
What is a conidia?
Asexual chlamydospores, non-motile
134
Where does Aspergillus fumigatus attach to in dogs?
Nasal ciliated epithelium
135
Where does Aspergillus fumigatus attach to in birds?
Air sacs
136
What is the most common progresssion of infection with Aspergillus fumigatus ?
Invades vascular endothelium | Spreads to distint sites through blood vessels
137
What type of dog is most commonly infected by Aspergillus fumigatus ?
German shepards
138
What is the most common fungal infection in cats?
Cryptococcus neoformans
139
Where do lesions occur in Cryptococcus neoformans infections?
``` Nose/sinuses Inner/Middle ear Lung Brain Skin ```
140
What do gross lesions caused by Cryptococcus neoformans look like?
Multi-focal white gelatinous foci
141
Why do Cryptococcus neoformans lesions have the gelatinous foci?
Thick polysaccharide capsule surrounding yeast
142
What is the histologic appearance of a Cryptococcus neoformans infection?
Granulomatous interstitial pneumonia with myriad organisms appearing with wide clear halo
143
What are the most common sources for Histoplasma capsulatum?
Bat + Pigeon droppings
144
What animals are most commonly diagnosed with Histoplasma capsulatum infections?
Dogs and cats | sometimes horses
145
What is the gross presentation of Histoplasma capsulatum?
Granulomatous interstitial pneumonia
146
What is the histologic presentation of Histoplasma capsulatum?
yeast found clustered within macrophages | GMS + PAS postive
147
Where do disseinated Histoplasma capsulatum infections occur?
Lymph nodes Spleen Intestines Liver
148
Where does Blastomyces dermatitids tend to occur in the US?
Mississippi River Basin Great lakes South east
149
What conditions does Blastomyces dermatitids prefer?
Moist conditions | Rotten wood
150
What growing conditions does Coccidioidomycosis prefer?
Arid, dry, hot, and sandy
151
What happens once Coccidioidomycosis enters the lungs
Saprophytic phase to parasitic phase (spherule)
152
What is seen pathologically with a Coccidioidomycosis?
Multifocal granulomatous intersitial pneumonia | Lymphadenitis
153
Where does a disseminated infection from Coccidioidomycosis tend to go?
``` Skin Bone Muscle Adrenal glands CNS ```
154
What is the species of bovine lungworm?
Dictyocaulus viviparous
155
What type of climate does the Dictyocaulus viviparous prefer?
Moist cool climates
156
When are Dictyocaulus viviparous infections at their worst?
Calves during their first summer grazing
157
Where do adult Dictyocaulus viviparous live?
Bronchi of caudal lung lobes
158
How do cattle present when infected with Dictyocaulus viviparous ?
Coughing + Dyspnea
159
What lesions are seen with Dictyocaulus viviparous infections?
``` Chronic bronchitis Intersitital pneumonia Granulomatous pneumonia Eosinophilic syndrome Atelectasis Emphysema ```
160
What is seen histologically with Dictyocaulus viviparous infections?
Squamous cell metaplasia BALT hyperplasia Eosinophilic granulomas Nematode ova
161
What type of lung worm infect sheep and goat?
Muellerius capillaris
162
What is the intermidiate host of Muellerius capillaris?
Snail
163
What type of lung worms infect cats?
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
164
How do cats present with an Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
Coughing dyspnea Weight loss Secondary bacterial pneumonia
165
What is the intermediate host for Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
Slug + Snail
166
What lesions are seen with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infections?
Multifocal granulmatous pneumonia
167
What is seen histologically with an Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infection?
Granulomatous alveolitis | Catarrhal bronchitis
168
What type of lung worm infects Canines?
Filaroides hirthis?
169
What type of tape worm tends to infect dogs?
Echinococcus granulosus
170
What is the intermediate host for Echinococcus granulosus ?
Grazing animals
171
What is an example given in lecture of a pulmonary protozoal infection?
Toxoplasma gondii
172
What are the general characteristics of toxoplasma gondii?
Obligate intracellular apicomplexan protozoal parasite
173
What type of hosts tend to develop signs of disease from toxoplasma gondii?
Intermediate host
174
Where do disseminated toxoplasma gondii infections tend to end up?
``` Liver Heart Spleen Muscle Brain Eye ```
175
What occurs with pulmonary infections involving toxoplasma gondii?
Necrotizing intersitital pneumonia | Type II pneumocyte hyperplasia
176
At what life cycle point do most parasitic migrations occur?
Aberrant larva
177
What are two examples of aberrant larva migrating?
Ascaris suum -- Calves + Swine | Parascaris equorum -- Equine
178
What does it look like grossly when a parasite starts to migrate through lung?
``` Raised nodules Fibrinous to fibrous tags Areas of discoloration across pleural surfaces Interstitial pneumonia Atelectasis/Emphysema ```
179
What syndrome can occur with a heart worm infection?
Caval syndrom

Pathology I (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions