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Pathology I > Session 15 - Respiratory III > Flashcards

Session 15 - Respiratory III Flashcards

1
Q

What organisms tend to cause bronchopneumonia?

A

Bacteria

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2
Q

What organisms tend to cause interstitial pneumonia?

A

Viral

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3
Q

What is the major cause of shipping fever in cattle?

A

Mannheimia hemolytica

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4
Q

What organisms can occur in a co-infection with Mannheimia hemolytica in shipping fever?

A

BoHV-1
PI-3
Pasteurella multocida
Histophilus somni

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5
Q

What is the pathologic mechanism of shipping fever?

A

Production of virulence factors
Kills bovine macrophages and neutrophils
Acute inflammation

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6
Q

What is the main virulence factor in Mannheimia hemolytica that causes a lot of damage?

A

Leukotoxin

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7
Q

What lesions are seen with Manneheimia hemolytica in cattle?

A

Severe bronchopneumonia
Tissue necrosis
Alveolar hyperemia + hemorrhage
Alveoli filled with suppurative inflammation
Wide interlobular septa expanded by edema + fibrin

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8
Q

What are the molecules that are responsible for the acute inflammation seen in shipping fever? (five listed)

A 
TNF-alpha 
IL-1 
IL-8 
Histamine 
Leukotrines
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9
Q

What is the difference in presentation between Mannheimia hemolytica and Histophilus somni?

A

HS will commonly spread to other parts of the body

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10
Q

What are organ systems that tend be targets for Histophilus somni? What does it cause there?

A 
Myocarditis - heart
Arthritis - joints 
Opthalitis - eyes 
Otitis - ears 
Abortion - Fetus 
Encephalitis - Brain 
Septicemia - Blood
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11
Q

What are COMMON things seen in cattle with a histophilus somni infection?

A

Pneumonia + Pleuritis

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12
Q

What are the four common animals affected by pasteurella multocida?

A

Cows + Pigs + Rabbits + Cats

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13
Q

What is the presentation of pasteurella multocida in cattle?

A

Co-infection with shipping fever

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14
Q

What is the presentation of pasteurella multocida in pigs?

A

Fibrinous bronchopneumonia

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15
Q

What is the presentation of pasteurella multocida in rabbits?

A

Pleuropneumonia
Snuffles
Otitis
Bacteremia

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16
Q

Where does pasteurella multocida tend to colonize in rabbits?

A

Nares

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17
Q

What is the presentation of pasteurella multocida in cats?

A

Pyothorax

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18
Q

What is a bacteria that can cause pasteurellosis in sheep?

A

Bibersteinia trehalosi

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19
Q

What is an important virulence factor that is secreted by Bibersteinia trehalosi?

A

Leukotoxin

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20
Q

What can cause porcine pleuropneumonia?

A

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

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21
Q

How does actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae present in young pigs?

A

Septicemia

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22
Q

How does actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae present in weaned pigs?

A

Otitis interna

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23
Q

What can Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause? What animal?

A

Ruminants - Septic pulmonary emboli

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24
Q

What can Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis cause? What animal?

A

Sheep/Goat - Caseous lymphadenitis

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25
Q

What is the pathologic mechanism of Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis?

A

Bacteria introduced via inhalation/penetration
Macrophages take up take to LN
Forms pyogranumolomas

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26
Q

Where are common areas to see pyogranumolomas caused by Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis?

A

LN + Lungs + Subcutis

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27
Q

Where on the body is mycobacterium commonly found?

A

Mucosal surface of:

Respiratory + Urogenital tracts

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28
Q

What are the bacterial characteristics of Mycobacterium?

A

Acid-fast, no cell wall

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29
Q

What are the Mycoplasmas listed?

A

M. Bovis
M. Mycoides ssp. mycocides
M. Hyopneumoniae

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30
Q

What does Mycoplasma Bovis cause?

A

Chronic, necrotizing bronchopneumonia

With suppurative/caseated abscesses

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31
Q

What does a successful infection by Mycoplasma Bovis require?

A

Immunosuppression

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32
Q

What does the gross appearance of a lesion from Mycoplasma Bovis look like?

A

Necrosis centered around bronchi + bronchioles

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33
Q

What are other places, besides the lungs, that Mycoplasma Bovis can spread?

A 
Mastitis 
Arthritis 
Otitis 
Keratoconjunctivitis 
Abortion
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34
Q

What is important to note about Mycoplasma Mycoides ssp. Mycoides

A

Reportable foreign animal disease in the US

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35
Q

What is a differential for Mycoplasma Mycoides ssp. Mycoides?

A

Mannheimia Hemolytica

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36
Q

What pathology is seen with Mycoplasma Mycoides ssp. Mycoides?

A

Severe pleuropneumonia

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37
Q

How can you tell a M. Mycoides infection from M. hemolytica?

A

MM - has a more caudal distribution
Sequela of necrotic lung due to vascular thrombosis
Wider expansion of interlobular seta

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38
Q

What does Mycoplasma hyopneumonia cause?

A

Porcine enzoonotic pneumonia

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39
Q

What is the pathologic presentation of Porcine enzoonotic pneumonia?

A

Suppurative + Catarrhal bronchopneumonia

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40
Q

What can make a pig susceptible to a Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae infection?

A

Ammonia + Hydrogen sulfide gases

Along with other stressors

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41
Q

How can streptococcus suis be transmitted?

A

Oral
Aerogenous
Vertically to fetus

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42
Q

What pathologic presentations are going to present with a Streptococcus suis infection?

A 
Bronchopneumonia 
Polyarthritis 
Polyserositis 
Abortion 
Neonatal septicemia 
Meningitis
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43
Q

What is important to remember as a vet if dealing with cattle that could possibly be infected with Streptococcus suis infection?

A

Zoonotic

Can cause meningitis and septic shock in humans

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44
Q

What are the hemolytic species of Streptococcus?

A

Canis + Equi + Zooepidemicus

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45
Q

What do the hemolytic species of Streptococcus tend to cause in small animals?

A

Bronchopneumonia + Septicemia + Placentitis + Dermatitis

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46
Q

What co-infections can occur with Streptococcus infections in small animals?

A

Pasteurella Multocida
E. Coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Bordetella bronchiseptica

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47
Q

What can cause a streptococcus infection in a small animal that is caused by us?

A

dentals

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48
Q

What does Streptococcus zooepidemicus cause in dogs?

A

Acute, hemorrhagic pleuropneumonia

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49
Q

What does a Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection look like grossly in a dog?

A

Diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage

Necrosuppurative exduate with hemorrhagic pleural effusion

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50
Q

What normally is the cause of death with Streptococcus zooepidemicus, even though rare?

A

Septicemic shock

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51
Q

What are the two systems affected by Rhodococcus equi?

A

Respiratory + Intestinal

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52
Q

What is seen in the respiratory systems with a Rhodococcus equi infection?

A

Severe granulomatous bronchopneumonia

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53
Q

What is seen in the intestinal tract with a Rhodococcus equi infection?

A

Ulcerative enterocolitis

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54
Q

What is the source for Rhodococcus equi?

A

Soil + Feces

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55
Q

What is the pathologic mechanism for Rhodococcus equi?

A

Alveolar macrophages uptake bacteria
Bacteria multiply and rupture macrophages
Lysosomal enzymes released
Neutrophils response –> inflammatory cytokines released
Tissue damage = Acute pyogranuloma

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56
Q

What are the two end results of a Rhodococcus equi infection?

A

Bronchopneumonia = death

Chronic caseous pneumonia

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57
Q

What is the cause of Bovine tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium bovis

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58
Q

What is the pathologic mechanism of Mycobacterium bovis?

A 
Alveolar macrophages take up bacteria 
Bacteria multiply and rupture macrophage 
Apread with in the lung 
Lymphatic invasion = Lymphadenitis 
Wide spread dissemination
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59
Q

What are the major pathologies seen with Mycobacterium bovis?

A

Chronic, granulomatous pneumonia

Lymphadenitis

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60
Q

What is important to remember as a vet if dealing with cattle that have a possible Mycobacterium bovis infection?

A

Zoonotic - transferred via contaminated milk + Aerosolization

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61
Q

What are the wildlife hosts of Mycobacterium bovis? Where?

A

US - Deer

UK - Badgers

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62
Q

What are animals can be infected by Bordetella bronchiseptica?

A

Dogs + Pigs + Cats + Rodents

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63
Q

What can Bordetella Bronchiseptica cause in pigs?

A

Atrophic Rhinitis

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64
Q

What are the symptoms seen in kennel cough?

A

Harsh cough that can be productive or non-productive

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65
Q

What is a common viral cause of equine viral pneumonia?

A

EHV 1,4

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66
Q

What is EVA?

A

Equine viral arteritis

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67
Q

What is the is the viral target in EVA?

A

Endothelial cells + Macrophages

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68
Q

What are the symptoms area seen with EVA?

A 
Fever 
Diarrhea 
Colic 
Respiratory Distress 
Ventral abdominal/limb edema
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69
Q

What gross lesions are seen with EVA?

A

Multifocal hemorrhage + interstitial pneumonia

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70
Q

What is seen histologically with EVA?

A 
Fibrinoid necrosis of small arterial walls 
Vasculitis/arteriolitis 
Edema + Hemorrhage 
Thickening of interstitium 
Type II pneumocyte hyperplasia
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71
Q

What is the pathologic mechanism for Canine Distemper?

A

Virus moves from conjunctiva or oral/nasal to tonsils

Moves through body via lymphatics

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72
Q

What cells can Canine Distemper survive in?

A

Lymphocytes + Macrophages

73
Q

What are the gross lesions seen in Canine Distemper infections?

A

Suppurative bronchopneumonia

From extensive necrosis + subsequent inflammation

74
Q

What cells does Canine Adenovirus 2 tend to target?

A

Pneumocytes + Bronchiolar epithelial cells

75
Q

What do bronchiolar epithelial cells infected with canine adenovirus look like?

A

Large, basophilic, intranuclear inclusion bodies

76
Q

What clinical symptoms appear with Canine Adenovirus 2?

A

Mild fever
Oculonasal discharge
Coughing

77
Q

What lesions are seen with Canine Herpesvirus 1 infections?

A

Necrosis and Hemorrhage in lung, kidney, and liver

78
Q

What is the normal pathologic mechanism of Canine Herpesvirus 1 infections?

A

In-utero - sometimes resulting in abortion

Presents in puppies less than 2 weeks of age

79
Q

What disease process does Canine Herpesvirus 1 normally cause?

A

Fading puppy syndrome

80
Q

What pathological problems are seen with a Canine Influenza infection?

A

Transient, necrotizing tracheitis
Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis

81
Q

What is an important differential to remember when dealing with a possible Canine Influenza infection?

A

Kennel cough

82
Q

What causes feline viral rhinotracheitis?

A

Feline Herpesvirus 1 + Calicivirus + Chlamydiosis

83
Q

Where does feline herpesvirus 1 infect?

A

Epithelium of conjunctiva, nasopharynx, and sometimes bronchi

84
Q

What lesions are seen with feline calicivirus?

A

Interstitial pneumonia

Inflammation of synovium in joints

85
Q

What happens when a feline calicivirus has endothelial cell trophism?

A

Thrombosis + DIC

86
Q

What is the mechanism of cell death when calcivirus infections?

A

Virus-induced apoptosis

87
Q

What symptoms are seen with feline chlamydiosis?

A

Conjunctivitis and mucopurulent rhinitis

88
Q

What are the two common causes of pneumonia in sheeps and goats?

A

Maedi-Visna (OPP) or CAE

89
Q

What kind of viral infection causes OPP and CAE?

A

Lentiviral (aka retroviral)

90
Q

How do OPP and CAE infections present?

A

Progressive dyspnea
Weight loss
Lesions in lung

91
Q

What is the gross presentation of OPP and CAE?

A

Pale, heavy lungs that do not collapse

Enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes

92
Q

Why are the tracheobronchial lymph nodes enlarged in OPP /CAE?

A

B cell lymphoid hyperplasia

93
Q

What is seen histologically with OPP/CAE infections?

A

Wide alveolar septa
Lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate
BALT hyperplasia

94
Q

What is the big histologic difference between CAE and OPP?

A

CAE - alveoli fill with surfactant

Appear pale pink material within alveoli

95
Q

How is OPP and CAE transferred to the young?

A

Infected colostrum

96
Q

How long is the incubation time for OPP and CAE?

A

2 years

97
Q

Where is the virus contained during the incubation period of OPP and CAE?

A

Alveolar and Pulmonary Intravascular macrophages

98
Q

What is the common cause of Swine viral pneumonia?

A

Swine influenza Type A

99
Q

When do outbreaks of swine influenza normally occur?

A

Fall or Winter

100
Q

What are the gross lesions seen with swine influenza infections?

A

Ventral, purple-red well demarcated areas of atelectasis
Parts of lung will pale and emphysematous
+/- Mucopurulent exudate in bronchi + Bronchioles
+/- intralobulae septal edema + serofibrinous pleuritis

101
Q

What is the histological presentation of swine influenza?

A

Exudative bronchiolitis

+/- Interstitial pneumonia

102
Q

What can cause piglets to be presdisposed to bacterial pneumonia?

A

Porceine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
– and –
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome

103
Q

What are common targets of the Bovine Herpes viruses?

A

Respiratory
Reproductive tracts
Brain

104
Q

What is another name for BoHV-1?

A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

105
Q

Where are the lesions in IBR?

A

Upper airways

106
Q

What gross lesions are seen with IBR?

A

Mild to severe necrotizing tracheitis
Conjunctivitis
Nasal discharge
Mucosal necrosis = Red nose

107
Q

How is the BoHV-1 virus spread?

A

Secretions from eyes + nose

Reproductive tissues

108
Q

Where does the Parainfluenza 3 virus replicate in the cow?

A

Type II Pneumocytes

109
Q

What occurs pathologically with a PI3 infection alone?

A

Mild or subclinical respiratory disease

110
Q

What is BRSV?

A

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus

111
Q

What can BRSV cause?

A

Fatal bronchointerstitial pneumonia in weaning cattle

112
Q

When does BRSV commonly infect cattle?

A

Winter

113
Q

Where does BRSV affect the cattle?

A

Necrosis of ciliated mucosal epithelium + pneumocytes

Leads to metaplasia + type II pneumocyte hyperplasia

114
Q

What gross lesions occur with a BRSV infection?

A

Interstitial pneumonia

Necrotizing bronchitis and bronchiolitis

115
Q

What is seen in the histology of a cow infected with BRSV?

A

Syncytial cells with intracytoplasmic inclusions

116
Q

What group of cattle are most affected by Bovine enzoonotic pneumonia?

A

Young calves

117
Q

What viral pathogens can play a part in bovine enzoonotic pneumonia?

A

BoHV-1
PI-3
BRSV
Adenovirus

118
Q

What bacterial pathogens can play a part in bovine enzoonotic pneumonia?

A 
Mannheimiosis
Histophilosis 
Mycoplasma
Arcanobacterium pyogenes 
E. Coli
119
Q

What is bovine respiratory disease complex?

A

Enzootic pneumonia
– and –
Toxic intersitial pneumonia

120
Q

What makes up Glasser’s disease?

A

Swine polyserositis + Fibrinosuppurative bronchopneumonia

121
Q

What is the etiologic agent of Glasser’s disease?

A

Haemophilus parasuis + suis

122
Q

What are the differentials for the lesions seen in Glasser’s disease?

A 
Serositis: 
Mycoplasma hyorhinis 
Streptococcus suis type II 
Sepsis: 
Salmonella 
E. Coli
123
Q

What should fungus be stained with?

A

Silver stain

124
Q

Where do lesions normally occur with fungal infections? What types of lesions?

A

Granulomatous to pyogranulomatous

Interstitial pneumonia

125
Q

How do most fungal infections cause cellular damage in the lung?

A

Inflammatory mediators + cells cause disruption and death of respiratory mucosa
Fungus proliferate –> spread through respiratory tract

126
Q

How does a fungus spread from the lungs to the rest of the body?

A

Macrophages or embolism

127
Q

What does it mean for a fungi to be dimorphic?

A

Yeast or Hyphae

128
Q

What are the two phases that a fungus can be in ?

A

Saprophytic + Parasitic

129
Q

What kind of characteristics do fungi have if they are in the saprophytic phase?

A

Environmental

Feed on dead organic material

130
Q

What kind of characteristics do fungi have if they are in the environmental phase?

A

Feed on living host

131
Q

What type of growing conditions does Aspergillus fumigatus prefer?

A

Moist environments

with dead, decaying matter

132
Q

What form is Aspergillus fumigatus inhaled as?

A

Conidia

133
Q

What is a conidia?

A

Asexual chlamydospores, non-motile

134
Q

Where does Aspergillus fumigatus attach to in dogs?

A

Nasal ciliated epithelium

135
Q

Where does Aspergillus fumigatus attach to in birds?

A

Air sacs

136
Q

What is the most common progresssion of infection with Aspergillus fumigatus ?

A

Invades vascular endothelium

Spreads to distint sites through blood vessels

137
Q

What type of dog is most commonly infected by Aspergillus fumigatus ?

A

German shepards

138
Q

What is the most common fungal infection in cats?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

139
Q

Where do lesions occur in Cryptococcus neoformans infections?

A 
Nose/sinuses
Inner/Middle ear 
Lung 
Brain 
Skin
140
Q

What do gross lesions caused by Cryptococcus neoformans look like?

A

Multi-focal white gelatinous foci

141
Q

Why do Cryptococcus neoformans lesions have the gelatinous foci?

A

Thick polysaccharide capsule surrounding yeast

142
Q

What is the histologic appearance of a Cryptococcus neoformans infection?

A

Granulomatous interstitial pneumonia with myriad organisms appearing with wide clear halo

143
Q

What are the most common sources for Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Bat + Pigeon droppings

144
Q

What animals are most commonly diagnosed with Histoplasma capsulatum infections?

A

Dogs and cats

sometimes horses

145
Q

What is the gross presentation of Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Granulomatous interstitial pneumonia

146
Q

What is the histologic presentation of Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

yeast found clustered within macrophages

GMS + PAS postive

147
Q

Where do disseinated Histoplasma capsulatum infections occur?

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Intestines
Liver

148
Q

Where does Blastomyces dermatitids tend to occur in the US?

A

Mississippi River Basin
Great lakes
South east

149
Q

What conditions does Blastomyces dermatitids prefer?

A

Moist conditions

Rotten wood

150
Q

What growing conditions does Coccidioidomycosis prefer?

A

Arid, dry, hot, and sandy

151
Q

What happens once Coccidioidomycosis enters the lungs

A

Saprophytic phase to parasitic phase (spherule)

152
Q

What is seen pathologically with a Coccidioidomycosis?

A

Multifocal granulomatous intersitial pneumonia

Lymphadenitis

153
Q

Where does a disseminated infection from Coccidioidomycosis tend to go?

A 
Skin 
Bone 
Muscle 
Adrenal glands 
CNS
154
Q

What is the species of bovine lungworm?

A

Dictyocaulus viviparous

155
Q

What type of climate does the Dictyocaulus viviparous prefer?

A

Moist cool climates

156
Q

When are Dictyocaulus viviparous infections at their worst?

A

Calves during their first summer grazing

157
Q

Where do adult Dictyocaulus viviparous live?

A

Bronchi of caudal lung lobes

158
Q

How do cattle present when infected with Dictyocaulus viviparous ?

A

Coughing + Dyspnea

159
Q

What lesions are seen with Dictyocaulus viviparous infections?

A 
Chronic bronchitis 
Intersitital pneumonia 
Granulomatous pneumonia 
Eosinophilic syndrome 
Atelectasis 
Emphysema
160
Q

What is seen histologically with Dictyocaulus viviparous infections?

A

Squamous cell metaplasia
BALT hyperplasia
Eosinophilic granulomas
Nematode ova

161
Q

What type of lung worm infect sheep and goat?

A

Muellerius capillaris

162
Q

What is the intermidiate host of Muellerius capillaris?

A

Snail

163
Q

What type of lung worms infect cats?

A

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

164
Q

How do cats present with an Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

A

Coughing dyspnea
Weight loss
Secondary bacterial pneumonia

165
Q

What is the intermediate host for Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

A

Slug + Snail

166
Q

What lesions are seen with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infections?

A

Multifocal granulmatous pneumonia

167
Q

What is seen histologically with an Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infection?

A

Granulomatous alveolitis

Catarrhal bronchitis

168
Q

What type of lung worm infects Canines?

A

Filaroides hirthis?

169
Q

What type of tape worm tends to infect dogs?

A

Echinococcus granulosus

170
Q

What is the intermediate host for Echinococcus granulosus ?

A

Grazing animals

171
Q

What is an example given in lecture of a pulmonary protozoal infection?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

172
Q

What are the general characteristics of toxoplasma gondii?

A

Obligate intracellular apicomplexan protozoal parasite

173
Q

What type of hosts tend to develop signs of disease from toxoplasma gondii?

A

Intermediate host

174
Q

Where do disseminated toxoplasma gondii infections tend to end up?

A 
Liver 
Heart 
Spleen 
Muscle 
Brain 
Eye
175
Q

What occurs with pulmonary infections involving toxoplasma gondii?

A

Necrotizing intersitital pneumonia

Type II pneumocyte hyperplasia

176
Q

At what life cycle point do most parasitic migrations occur?

A

Aberrant larva

177
Q

What are two examples of aberrant larva migrating?

A

Ascaris suum – Calves + Swine

Parascaris equorum – Equine

178
Q

What does it look like grossly when a parasite starts to migrate through lung?

A 
Raised nodules 
Fibrinous to fibrous tags 
Areas of discoloration across pleural surfaces 
Interstitial pneumonia 
Atelectasis/Emphysema
179
Q

What syndrome can occur with a heart worm infection?

A

Caval syndrom

Pathology I (19 decks)

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