Session 7 - Disorders of Growth + Neoplasia

Question 1

What is metaplasia?

Answer 1

Reversible exchange within tissue of one mature cell type to another

Question 2

What is required for metaplasia to occur?

Answer 2

Reprogramming of stem cells

Question 3

What is dysplasia?

Answer 3

Atypical differentiation, may be partially reversible

Question 4

Where does dysplasia commonly occur?

Answer 4

At sites of chronic inflammation

Question 5

What are some basic features in cells that are dysplastic?

Answer 5

Increased variation in cell size + shape
Increase nuclear size
Increased/abnormal mitosis
Disorganized cell arrangement

Question 6

How are you able to tell dysplasia from hyperplasia?

Answer 6

Hyperplasia will be organized just with increased cell number
Tissue will look similar to original
Dysplasia cells will not be organized like original tissue

Question 7

What are the basic characteristics of dysplasia?

Answer 7

Some loss of stratification

Immature cells escape basal layer

Question 8

What are the basic characteristics of carcinoma in situ?

Answer 8

Total loss of stratification
Immature cells throughout tissue
Basement membrane is still intact

Question 9

What are the basic characteristics of invasion?

Answer 9

Erosion of basement membrane

Tumor gains access to vascular channels j

Question 10

What are some viral/infectious pathogens that can lead to neoplastic transformation?

Answer 10

Retroviruses 
Herpesviruses 
Papillomaviruses 
Hepadnaviruses 
Spriocera lupi

Question 11

What are three stages in neoplastic transformation?

Answer 11

Initiation + Promotion + Clonal expansion

Question 12

Describe the initiation phase of neoplastic transformation.

Answer 12

Irreversible genetic change in replicating cell population

Question 13

How does a mutation become “set”?

Answer 13

A cell with a mutation undergoes a round of replication where the mutation remains undetected. The daughter cells machinery will no longer see this as a mutation but rather normal.

Question 14

Is the promotion phase of neoplastic transformation irreversible or reversible?

Answer 14

Reversible

Question 15

Describe the promotion phase of neoplastic transformation.

Answer 15

Occurs when promoting agents are present. These are NOT mutagenic but rather make an environment for mutated cell to grow with advantage to the rest. Once removed promotion phase ends

Question 16

What is the smallest clinically detectable mass?

Answer 16

1.0gm = 10^9 cells

Question 17

Describe the clonal expansion phase of neoplastic transformation.

Answer 17

Irreversible growth, where cell mass doubles each round of replication. Subclones become better at
Evading immune system + Promoting blood supply + Resisting GF + Detaching and moving to other sites

Question 18

What are two basic characteristics of neoplastic cells?

Answer 18

Loss of function/unregulated function

Genomic instability

Question 19

What are the two tumor types?

Answer 19

Benign + Malignant

Question 20

What is stated in the name of a benign tumor?

Answer 20

-oma

Question 21

What are the two most basic types of malignant tumors?

Answer 21

Epithelial + Mesenchymal

Question 22

What is stated in the name of a malignant epithelial tumor?

Answer 22

-carcinoma

Question 23

What is stated in the name of a malignant mesenchymal tumor?

Answer 23

Sarcoma

Question 24

What are round cell tumors classified as?

Answer 24

Mesenchymal

Question 25

Where do melanocytes come from embryonically?

Answer 25

Neuroectoderm

Question 26

What are melanocytes classified as?

Answer 26

Epithelial

Question 27

What is the malignant form of a plasma cell called?

Answer 27

Multiple myeloma

Question 28

What are the round cell types?

Answer 28

Lymphocyte Plasma cell Histiocyte Mast cell

Question 29

How are brain tumors named?

Answer 29

cell type in brain

Question 30

What is the reasoning for mixed tumors?

Answer 30

Originate from pluripotent or totipotent cells that mature down multiple lines to create tumor with many cells types (all from which came from same parent cell)

Question 31

What is an undifferentiated tumor?

Answer 31

Cells are so primative or abnormal their origin cannot be determined via standard examination

Question 32

What are the two tumor-like lesions?

Answer 32

Hamartoma + Choristoma

Question 33

What is a hamartoma?

Answer 33

Disorganize, mature tissue in normal location

Question 34

What is a choristoma?

Answer 34

Disorganize, mature tissue in abnormal location

Question 35

What are three cellular changes that are considered "pre-neoplasitic"?

Answer 35

Hyperplasia Hypertrophy Metaplasia/Dysplasia

Question 36

What are the cellular characteristics of benign tumors?

Answer 36

Cells closely resemble normal

Question 37

What are the cellular characteristics of a malignant cell?

Answer 37

Cell size + shape + N/C ratio atypical | Mitosis abnormal

Question 38

What are the typical tumor features of one that is benign?

Answer 38

Often compress adjacent tissue | May be encapsulated

Question 39

What are the typical tumor features of one that is malignant?

Answer 39

Typically infiltrate adjacent tissue | May have central necrosis reflective of rapid growth

Question 40

What is the typical rate of growth in a benign tumor?

Answer 40

Slow - Progressive | Low of number of mitoses

Question 41

What is the typical rate of growth for malignant tumors?

Answer 41

Slow to rapid Erratic in rate Low to high number of mitoses

Question 42

What are sheets typical of?

Answer 42

Round cell tumors

Question 43

What are packets typical of?

Answer 43

Neuroendocrine tumors

Question 44

What are nests typical of?

Answer 44

Invasive carcinomas

Question 45

What are cords typical of?

Answer 45

Epithelial tumors

Question 46

What are lobules typical of?

Answer 46

Epithelial tumors

Question 47

What are acini typical of?

Answer 47

Glandular tumor

Question 48

What are tubules typical of?

Answer 48

Glandular epithelial

Question 49

What are cystic typical of?

Answer 49

Glandular tumors

Question 50

What are whorls typical of?

Answer 50

Mesenchymal tumors

Question 51

What is papillary typical of?

Answer 51

Glandular tumors

Question 52

What are bundles typical of?

Answer 52

Mesenchymal tumors