Session 1 - Cell Injury Flashcards
What are the seven big reasons given in lecture for cell injury?
Hypoxia + Toxins + Infectious agents + Immunological Reactions + Genetic derangements + Nutritional Imbalances
What is the acronym for building a differential list?
(D) AMNIIT-V
What does the acronym for differential list stand for?
Anomalous Metabolic/Nutritional Neoplastic Infection/Inflammatory Traumatic Toxic Vascular
What occurs to the cell commonly when sublethal cell injury is occurring?
Cellular swelling + Accumulation of Cytoplasmic material
Why is there cellular swelling in sublethal injury to a cell?
Plasma membrane pumps are unable to work due to lack of ATP, from lack of oxygen
Leads to the accumulation of water within the cell
Why is there accumulation of cytoplasmic material in sublethal injury?
W/ increase of water within the cytoplasm organelles start to swell as well
Ribosomes are lost (they pop of the ER)
Lipid and other metabolic products build up because they are no longer able to be processed
What is hydropic dengeneration?
Accumulation of water in the cell
What is vacuolar change?
Small clear vacuoles become present in the cytoplasm, from distended pinched off segments of the ER
What is lipid degeneration?
aka steaosis
Abnormal retention of lipids within the cell, due to problem with synthesis/elimination of triglycerides
Describe what happens in fatty change?
FA’s fail to be converted to lipoprotein and transported out of the cells, accumulate in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes (or other cells)
What makes lipid accumulation become hepatic lipidosis?
When the accumulation is significant enough to be seen grossly
What are two main reasons given in lecture for there to be fatty change?
Ketosis + Pregnancy toxemia
Why is there fatty change with Pregnancy Toxemia?
Excess fat stores + Drive for increased mobilization in late pregnancy/early lactation
What can inappetence and anorexia lead to in regards to fatty accumulation?
Fat cow + Feline fatty liver syndromes
What other diseases are briefly mentioned in the lecture in regards to lipid accumulation in hepatocytes?
High fat diets Obesity Hepatotoxins Hypoxia Diabetes mellitus Hypothyroidism
What is the gross color/texture of lipids within the cell?
Pale yellow/friable
What is the gross color/texture of glycogen?
Pale tan-white/firm
What disorders are associated with glycogen accumulation in hepatic cells?
Excess glucocorticoids
Diabetes mellitus
Young animals
Glycogen storage disease
What are two possible reasons given in lecture for excess glucocorticoids?
Iatroogenic + Cushing’s
What is the histological appearances seen with lipid accumulation in hepatic cells?
Nuclei often pushed periphery
Vacuoles have distinct borders
What is the histological appearance of glycogen accumulation within hepatocytes?
Nuclei often stay central
Vacuole margins often irregular or indistinct
Why do you see glycogen accumulation within hepatocytes with diabetes mellitus?
Hyperglycemia pushes glucose into the cell
What the basic reason lysosomal storage disease?
Lysosomal contents that cannot be released due to lack of enzymes
What are three basic causes of oxygen deprivation that are given in lecture?
Profound anemia + Vascular obstruction + Cardiac failure
What occurs in hypoxia leading to ATP production being decreased?
aerobic cell metabolism stops
decreased oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria
decreased ATP production
Once ATP production decreases in the cell is the cell done for yet?
No
What happens once cell starts to lose the ability to use ETC?
Will switch over to anaerobic cell metabolism
Intracellular acidosis
Protein synthesis machinery falls apart +Ribosomes lost
Cell membrane defects + Lysosome rupture
Released RNAases + DNAases
Digest contents of cells
What are the two types of cell deaths?
Apoptosis + Necrosis