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Pathology I > Session 20 - Neurology IV > Flashcards

Session 20 - Neurology IV Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common route for neurologic infections?

A

Hematogenous

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2
Q

What pathogens get to the brain via the nerves?

A

Rabies + Listeria monocytogenes + Herpes

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3
Q

What is the method by which these viruses infect the brain?

A

Retrograde axonal transport

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4
Q

What is a major characteristic of retrograde axonal transport?

A

Signs appear faster the closer the point of inoculation is to the head

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5
Q

What are the two types of inflammation that can occur within the nervous system?

A

Suppurative vs. Non-suppurative

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6
Q

What can be seen with some viruses?

A

Viral inclusions within the cell

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7
Q

Term: Inflammation of the brain

A

Encephalitis

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8
Q

Term: Inflammation of the meninges

A

Meningitis

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9
Q

Term: Inflammation of the spinal cord

A

Myelitis

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10
Q

Term: Inflammation of all three regions of the CNS

A

Meningoencephalomyelitis

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11
Q

What are some gross features of meningoenchapalitis?

A

Flattening of gyri + loss of sulci = swelling
Hyperemia of blood vessels = inflammation
Clouding of meninges = Infiltrates
Multifocal hemorrhages

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12
Q

What is listeriosis caused by?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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13
Q

What is three major consequences of listeriosis?

A

Abortion/Still birth
Septicemia
Meningoencephalitis

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14
Q

How does listeria get access to the brain?

A

oral cavity by following peripheral nerves to the midbrain

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15
Q

What does listeria have an affinity for within the brain?

A

Brainstem + Cerebellum

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16
Q

What should be sent in if listeria is the suspected pathogen?

A

Brainstem

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17
Q

What lesions will be seen with listeria?

A

Multifocal microabscesses containing neutrophils + microglia
Small number of mononuclear cells

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18
Q

What does histophilus somni cause?

A

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis

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19
Q

What gross lesions are seen with a histophilus somni infection?

A

Fibrionpurulent serositis
Arthritis
Synovitis
Hemorrhagic infarcts

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20
Q

Where are hemorrhagic infarcts seen in histophilus somi?

A

Spinal cord
Brain
Muscle

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21
Q

What brain lesions are seen with histophilus somni?

A 
Swelling = flattening of gyri 
Vessels contain septic fibrin thrombi 
Vascular necrosis 
Neutrophilic vasculitis 
Local ischemia = brain parenchyma pale
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22
Q

What are two common viral mechanisms?

A

Cytotoxicity

Induce autoimmunity and immune system evasion

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23
Q

What are common histological features of a viral infection of the nervous system?

A

Destruction of neurons +/- neuronophagia
Perivascular cuffing
Parenchymal infiltrations
Inclusion bodies

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24
Q

What virus tends to be intranuclear?

A

Herpes + CSD

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25
What virus tends to be intracytoplasmic?
Rabies
26
What tends to be the components of parenchymal infiltrates in viral infections of the CNS?
Lymphocytes + Plasma cells + Macrophages
27
What causes canine distemper?
Morbillivirus
28
What is the disease course of CDV?
Acute and fatal -- or -- Chronic and relapsing
29
What is the common method of transmission for CDV?
Respiratory
30
What becomes inflamed in systemic infections of CDV?
Respiratory + GI
31
What cell type do lesions appear with CDV?
Can be detected in neurons + astrocytes + oligodendrocytes | No particular selectivity
32
What neurological lesions are seen with CDV?
Varies Necrotizing meningoencephalitis -- or -- Large patchy areas of demylelination
33
Where is demyleination most prominent in CDV?
Peri-ventricular locations around 4th ventricle | In white matter and penduncles
34
What is seen with acute distemper demyelination histologically?
Vacuoles + Glial cells with inclusions bodies
35
What is seen with chronic CDV infections histologically?
Less inflammation More astrocytic Subacute sclerosising panencephalitis
36
What can occur in ferrets with CDV?
Hard pad disease
37
What is the diagnosis of CDV?
Lesions with intranuclear inclusions in neurons + astrocytes
38
What lesions are seen with FIP?
Pyogranulomatous inflammation in meninges + ventricles | Sometimes secondary hydrocephalus
39
What are common clinical signs of rabies?
Irritability Hyperesthesia Paresis + Paralysis
40
What causes the furious behavior with a rabies infection?
Infection of the limbic system
41
What causes hypersalivation/
Pharyngeal paralysis
42
What is the timeline which rabies becomes fatal?
7 to 10 days
43
Where does the rabies virus replicate in the body?
Muscles
44
How does the rabies virus travel through the body?
Acetylcholine receptors at the NMJ
45
How does the rabies virus get to the CNS?
Retrograde axoplasiimic flow to spinl ganglia | Ventral horn to brainstem motor gangli
46
What is the typical incubation time for rabies?
30 to 90 days
47
What is the common gross presentation of rabies?
Non-suppurative polioencephalomyelitis | Craniospinal ganglionitis
48
Where is inflammation most severe with rabies?
Brainstem
49
What is seen histologically with rabies infection?
Perivascular cuffing Microgliosis Astrogliosis + Neuronal necrosis later on Negri bodies
50
Where are negri bodies most commonly found in ruminants?
Cerebellar purkinje cells
51
Where are negri bodies most commonly found in carinivores?
Hippocampal neurons
52
What happens in skunks and foxes with rabies infection?
Spongiform change similar with scrapies
53
Term: Spongiform change
Vacuolation of gray matter neuropil
54
What needs to be sent in if rabies is the suspected pathogen?
The entire head
55
What can herpes virus cause in the nervous system?
Neuronal + Glial necrosis Endothelial necrosis Inflammatory cytokine damage
56
Where do latent infections of the herpes virus occur?
Ganglia
57
What are the important herpes viruses when it comes to neuronal infection?
Equine herpesvirus 1 Bovine herpes virus 5 Herpes suis
58
What does EHV-1 cause?
Equine myeloencephalopathy
59
What does BHV-5 cause?
Bovine herpes meningoencephalopathy
60
What does herpes suis cause?
Pseudorabies
61
What does herpes suis cause in sows?
Early embryonic death + abortion | Fetal mummies
62
What does herpes suis cause in young piglets?
Death
63
What does herpes suis cause in older pigs?
Mild, but can shed the virus to others
64
What are clinical signs of pseudorabies?
Fever + Ataxia + Tremors | Nystagmus + Recumbency + Seizures
65
Where are lesions seen in pseudorabies?
Cerebral + Cerebellar cortex Non-suppurative ganglioneuitis Meningoencephalitis w/ neuronal necrosis
66
What are two apicomplexan parasites that can reach the brain?
Toxoplasma gondii -- and -- Neospora caninium
67
What is the most common protozoal disease?
Toxoplasma gondii
68
Who does neospora caninum commonly infect?
Cattle
69
What does neospora caninum cause in cattle?
Abortion
70
What is the definitive host for neospora caninum?
Canids
71
What is seen with a neospora caninum infection?
Nonsupprative inflammation in the brains of aborted fetuses
72
What microsporidian parasite infects the brain?
Encephalitozoon cuniculi
73
What animal is encephalitozoon cuniculi most commonly seen?
Rabbits + Rodents
74
Where in the body are lesions mostly seen with a encephalitozoon cuniculi infection?
Brain + Kidney
75
What lesions are seen with a encehpalitozoon cuniculi infection?
Non-supprative meningoencephalomyelitis | Gliosis + Microgranulomas around small BV
76
How does TSE present?
Trembling + Seizures + Agitation + Rubbing
77
Where are lesions seen in TSE
Large neuronal vacuoles in grey matter nuclei | NO CEBERAL CORTEX
78
What TSE form infects cervids?
Chronic wasting disease
79
What type of spread is seen in CWD?
Horizontal via ingestion
80
What is the presentation of CWD?
Weight loss + Dullness + PU/PD
81
What are lesions seen with CWD?
Neuronal vacuolation + Gliosis + Amyloid deposition
82
Where are lesions most prominent in CWD?
Vagal nuclei
83
What is TSE seen in bovines called?
Bovine spongiform encephalitis
84
When does BSE present?
3 to 6 years of age
85
What is the presentation of BSE?
Apprehension + Hyperesthesia + Altered behavior
86
What lesions are seen with BSE?
Neuropil + Neuronal vaculation in grey matter nuclei

Pathology I (19 decks)

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