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Bio 151 > sensory systems > Flashcards

sensory systems Flashcards

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1
Q

sensory receptor

A

special proteins in sensory cells embedded in sensory organs

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2
Q

sensory transduction

A

something in the environment is the signal (chemo, mechano, photo)

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3
Q

chemoreceptors

A

a molecule in the environment we can bind to which signals to ion channels to open

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4
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

membrane bound protein with cuticle (shield) that detects pressure and changes shape so ion channels open up

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5
Q

photoreceptors

A

protein membrane bound is able to detect light which sends signal to brain, closes ion channels and hypoerpolarizes the cells in the eyes

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6
Q

electroreceptors

A

detects changes in charges, common in fish

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7
Q

thermoreceptors

A

detect changes in temperature

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8
Q

nociceptor

A

detects pain

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9
Q

lateral inhibition

A

enhances edge and border detection by reducing excitation of adjacent interneurons

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10
Q

G protein coupled receptor

A

G proteins have extracellular receptor, causes conformational change, has units that move intracellularly when G protein becomes phosphorylates (cascade of effects)

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11
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

a collection of olfactory nerves

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12
Q

olfactory sensory neuron

A

connects directly with stimuli, no sensory cell

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13
Q

chemo-sensitive hair

A

odorants bind to these and detect a sense of smell

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14
Q

taste bud

A

made up of taste sensory cells and has microvillli coming off of it to detect taste

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15
Q

5 basic flavors

A

sweet, bitter, savory, salty, sour (acidity)

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16
Q

how does sweet send signals

A

GPCR

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17
Q

how does bitter send signals

A

GPCR

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18
Q

how does savory send signals

A

GPCR

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19
Q

how does salty send signals

A

Na+ depolarize cell opening voltage gated Ca2+ channels (sodium from food can depolarize)

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20
Q

how does sour send signals

A

depolarize via H+ ion channels and inhibits K+ channels

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21
Q

transformation of force through the ear

A

air wave –> mechanical force –> liquid force

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22
Q

pinna

A

outer ear

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23
Q

tympanic membrane

A

ear drum

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24
Q

bones in the middle ear (in order)

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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25
Q

oval window

A

space between middle ear and cochlea/semicircular canals

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26
Q

vestibular system

A

senses motion and gravity, includes the ear

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27
Q

process of hearing

A
  1. amplification from pinna to eardrum to malleus, 2. 3 bones hit oval window and convert sound vibrations to mechanical and then fluid waves, 3. mechanoreception by hair cells in organ corti, 4. sends signals to brain of sounds
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28
Q

stereocilia

A

hair like cells in the inner ear

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29
Q

statocyst

A

group of sensory cells in shrimp

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30
Q

stalolith

A

structure in statocyst which allows organisms to detect motion and gravity (in shrimp)

31
Q

tectorial membrane

A

membrane where hair cells are disturbed from fluid waves

32
Q

basilar membrane

A

where hair cells are located on, initially at rest, pushes up into tectorial membrane and bends stereocilia

33
Q

organ of corti

A

where hair cells are

34
Q

how do hair cells depolarize?

A

pushing against the tectorial membrane from the fluid wave causes K+ to rush into the cell, and the downward motion of the basilar membrane resets the hair cell and they repolarize

35
Q

cornea

A

transparent shield over the eye

36
Q

iris

A

surrounds the opening where light is focused through the lens

37
Q

fovea

A

lots of cones and connected to optic nerve in back of eye

38
Q

optic nerve signaling

A

phototransduction to the brain

39
Q

pupil

A

hole

40
Q

lens

A

reads light and sends it to fovea

41
Q

ciliary muscle

A

contract and relax to adjust lens, contract to focus close (lens is rounder), relax for focusing far (flatten lens)

42
Q

rods

A

peripheral vision and dark/light, surround fovia, slow

43
Q

cones

A

color, fovea, fast

44
Q

sensory cell (discs)

A

contain either conopsin or rhodopsin

45
Q

what happens when discs are activated

A

when light hits them, retinal is activated (goes from trans to cis) which leads to activation of G protein, activated G protein activates PDE, PDE hydrolyzes cGMP reducing its concentration (increasing G protein), closes Na+ channel and hyperpolarizes cell

46
Q

how do the Na+ ion channels close in the eye

A

cGMP was bound to the ion channels keeping them open but then it is turned into GMP which closes the channels

47
Q

on bipolar cells

A

the first cell the signal is sent to, on bipolar cells do the opposite (if there is a signal they will not send it, if there is not they will send it)

48
Q

off bipolar cells

A

the first cell the signal is sent to, off bipolar cells do what they are signaled to do

49
Q

ganglion cells

A

also have on and off versions, same as bipolar

50
Q

horizontal cells

A

connect rods and cones and sharpen vision (cause lateral inhibition)

51
Q

amacrine cells

A

connect bipolar cells and adjust for motion and brightness

52
Q

forebrain

A

cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus

53
Q

midbrain

A

midbrain is part of brain stem

54
Q

hindbrain

A

pons and medulla, cerebellum

55
Q

cerebellum

A

integrates motor and sensory information which allows for complex motor tasks

56
Q

medulla oblongata

A

center for respiration and circulation

57
Q

pons

A

neural pathway from cortex to the medulla and cerebellum

58
Q

cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex

59
Q

thalamus

A

relay center

60
Q

hypothalamus

A

links nervous system and endocrine system via the pituitary gland

61
Q

function of the folds in the cerebral cortex

A

increases the surface area and therefore the number of neurons and increased cognitive ability

62
Q

grey matter

A

soma/dendrites

63
Q

white matter

A

myelin sheath

64
Q

frontal lobe

A

decision making, taste, and smell; contains olfactory and gustatory cortices and primary motor cortex

65
Q

parietal lobe

A

body/spatial awareness; contains primary somatosensory cortex

66
Q

occipital lobe

A

processes visual information; contains visual cortex

67
Q

temporal lobe

A

process sound and speech; contains auditory complex

68
Q

limbic system

A

amygdala and hippocampus; behavior, instincts, emotions, and motivation; long term memory formation

69
Q

ventral termental area (VTA)

A

amygdala, N. accumbens, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex; sends dopamine to all of these places and diff stimuli can activate this pathway dif amounts

70
Q

cognition

A

ability to be cognizant and self aware, being able to understand the world around you

71
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

a synapse is not static and can be strengthened or weakened

72
Q

ways to strengthen synapses

A

increase ligand gated ion channels, grow new dendrites, expand current dendrites

73
Q

long term potentiation

A

a way of strengthening connections, creates long term memories

74
Q

electroencophalogram (EEG)

A

monitors electricity in brain and different wavelengths associated with different sleep stages

Bio 151 (26 decks)

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