Macromolecules

Question 1

macromolecules

Answer 1

4 important classes of large organic molecules

Question 2

lipids

Answer 2

not polymers; big, mostly hydrophobic or amphipathic, have hydrocarbon regions

Question 3

polymer

Answer 3

a chain of similar monomer subunits

Question 4

dehydration (condensation) reaction

Answer 4

removes water in order to separate molecules

Question 5

hydrolysis

Answer 5

splits water in order combine molecules

Question 6

carbohydrates

Answer 6

made of monosaccharides (simple sugar)

Question 7

ratio of carbohydrate elements

Answer 7

1C:2H:1O

Question 8

proteins

Answer 8

made of amino acids

Question 9

nucleic acids

Answer 9

made of nucleotides

Question 10

monosaccharides

Answer 10

hydrocarbon chain with hydroxyl and carbonyl, “ose”

Question 11

what is the shape of monosaccharides?

Answer 11

start as linear, but can form rings in water with a C-O-C bond

Question 12

polysaccharide

Answer 12

many monosaccharides connected through dehydration (glycosidic linkages)

Question 13

hydroxyl

Answer 13

carbon bonded to an OH group

Question 14

carbonyl

Answer 14

carbon double bonded to an oxygen

Question 15

glycosidic linkage

Answer 15

bonds between monosaccharides through dehydration

Question 16

starch

Answer 16

a type of polysaccharide, stores energy

Question 17

glycogen

Answer 17

a type of polysaccharide used in the body to store energy

Question 18

cellulose

Answer 18

type of polysaccharide used to form structures in cells

Question 19

chitin

Answer 19

type of polysaccharide used to form cell walls in plant cells

Question 20

amino acid

Answer 20

has a central (alpha) carbon bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, an H, and an R group

Question 21

polypeptide

Answer 21

another name for protein, multiple amino acids linked

Question 22

carboxyl

Answer 22

C-O=O

Question 23

amino group

Answer 23

N and H, basic

Question 24

peptide bond

Answer 24

bond between amino acids through dehydration reaction between carboxyl and amine groups (C-N) bond

Question 25

nucleotides

Answer 25

monosaccharide, nitrogenous base, and phosphates

Question 26

how can you tell the difference between deoxyribose vs ribose?

Answer 26

ribose is missing an OH on the bottom right carbon in the monosaccharide

Question 27

phosphodiester bond

Answer 27

bond between nucleotides, bond sugar to phosphate to sugar; removes 2 phosphates to create bond

Question 28

nucleic acid

Answer 28

polymer of nucleotides

Question 29

primary structure of proteins

Answer 29

sequence of amino acids in polymer which is built by the ribosome

Question 30

secondary structure of proteins

Answer 30

bonding of 3 atoms that are part of the central chain; hydrogen bonding between carboxyl end and amino end

Question 31

what shapes do secondary structure of proteins create?

Answer 31

alpha helixes or beta sheets

Question 32

tertiary structure of proteins

Answer 32

folding created by interactions between R groups

Question 33

quaternary structure of proteins

Answer 33

some separate amino acid polymers bind together using non-peptide bonds to make a functional “protein” unit

Question 34

disulfide bond

Answer 34

bonds between 2 sulfur atoms, can occur in tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins

Question 35

denaturation

Answer 35

loss of secondary/tertiary/quaternary structure but not primary structure; non-peptide bonds are sensitive to things like temperature, pH, salt

Question 36

competitive inhibitor

Answer 36

the blocking of an enzyme’s active site to prohibit its function

Question 37

allosteric inhibitor

Answer 37

changing the shape of the enzyme’s active site by binding to a separate part of the enzyme to inhibit its activity

Question 38

homeostasis

Answer 38

trying to maintain balance

Question 39

negative feedback

Answer 39

the processes that create certain products also regulate them through competitive and allosteric inhibition often