Sensory Receptors and Sensory Transduction

Question 1

Mechanical displacement

Answer 1

Mechanoreceptors

Question 2

Temperature change

Answer 2

Thermoreceptors

Question 3

Tissue damage
alerted to this and associate it with pain

Answer 3

Nociceptors Pain

Question 4

Chemicals
Food (salty, spicy, bitter, etc.) (on tongue)
smells (nose) (tequila, hand sanitizer)

Answer 4

Chemoreceptors

Question 5

Light
photons

Answer 5

photoreceptors

Question 6

cells that detect stimuli and produce receptor potentials

Answer 6

sensory receptors

Question 7

monitoring within the body

Answer 7

Interoceptors

Question 8

respond to changes in position of the body or its parts

Answer 8

proprioceptors

Question 9

respond to stimuli that arise outside the body

Answer 9

Exteroceptors

Question 10

the type of stimulus to which a receptor is most sensitive
what most easily stimulates a receptor

Answer 10

Adequate stimulus

Question 11

area in the periphery where application of an adequate stimulus will cause a receptor to respond

Answer 11

Receptive fields

Question 12

can stimuli stimulate other receptors?

Answer 12

yes, seeing light when punched in the eye (mechanical force of the punch can push on receptors so hard that a flash of light is seen) (sound in oval window should go down cochlea to stimulate that side but if it is loud enough or an extra window in canal, it will stimulate vestib side causing nystagmus)

Question 13

what are special senses

Answer 13

Hearing (audition) & Balance
* Vision
* Olfaction
* Taste (gustatory sensations)

Question 14

layers or a thin capsule

Answer 14

Encapsulated

Question 15

free nerve endings or accessory structures

Answer 15

nonencapsulated

Question 16

examples of cutaneous receptors

Answer 16

encapsulated and nonencapsulated

Question 17

what are inner hair cells?

Answer 17

specialized mechanoreceptors

Question 18

6 prominent types of mechanoreceptors in skin and subcutaneous tissues

Answer 18

Encapsulated—Pacinian corpuscle, Meissner corpuscle, Ruffini ending
– Nonecapsulated –Hair receptors, Merkel endings, free nerve endings

Question 19

encapsulated
Detect muscle length

Answer 19

muscle spindles

Question 20

Important Receptors in
Muscles and Joints

Answer 20

Many free nerve endings—function unknown
Muscle spindles - muscles
GTOs
Joint receptors - in joints

Question 21

encapsulated and similar to Ruffini endings
Detect muscle tension

Answer 21

golgi tendon organs

Question 22

Free nerve endings and others similar to receptors found in the skin
Respond to joint position and movement

Answer 22

joint receptors

Question 23

all proprioceptors in joints, tendons, and muscles

Answer 23

Muscle spindles - muscles
GTOs
Joint receptors - in joints

Question 24

how proprioception relates to as and vs?

Answer 24

helps keep our balance

Question 25

Variety of receptors Less is known about these Mostly free nerve endings Acting mostly at the subconscious level through visceral reflexes

Answer 25

visceral receptors

Question 26

if bladder is full blood vessels dilate or constrict at organ level

Answer 26

visceral receptors

Question 27

cells that detect types of stimuli and generate Receptor Potentials

Answer 27

Sensory receptor

Question 28

inside of the cell about ______ more negative than outside

Answer 28

65 to 70 mv

Question 29

electrical difference/change/firing

Answer 29

Potential

Question 30

If a threshold of change is reached

Answer 30

then an Action Potentials will be generated to travel along an axon

Question 31

opposite charges

Answer 31

attract

Question 32

same charges

Answer 32

repel

Question 33

If opposite charges are physically separated

Answer 33

Energy is expended and work is performed to keep them separate If the charges are released, the charges come together (move) returning energy to the system “Separated charge is potential electrical energy”

Question 34

why do we need charge to not be at 0?

Answer 34

need cells to have extracellular fluid ready for receptor potential and action potential and equal status with all ions wouldn’t cause any activity and we would be dead

Question 35

Elongated doughnut shapes Ions can pass through the central pore selectively permeable

Answer 35

ion channels

Question 36

Ions of the Cellular Milieu

Answer 36

K+ Potassium Na+ Sodium Cl- Chloride Ca++ Calcium A- Anions

Question 37

At rest ____ leaks into the cell and ____ leaks out

Answer 37

Na+ , K+

Question 38

The sodium-potassium pump counterbalances this leakage moving

Answer 38

3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in (3:2 ratio)

Question 39

Na+/K+ ATPase pump

Answer 39

active/uses energy Maintains and re-establishes the resting membrane potential (balance necessary)

Question 40

Other pumps exist too for

Answer 40

Ca++ and Cl-

Question 41

Explain receptor potential process

Answer 41

Local (non-propogated), graded (amplitude modulated) change in the electrochemical balance The beginning of encoding sensory information Changes the stimulus into an electrochemical change that the nervous system uses to transmit and understand the sensory input If threshold is reached, for example shifting the potential from -70 mv to -45 mv Action Potentials begin to fire/travel along the neuron Communication across synapses Carried to a destination for an action or processing The receptor returns to its resting potential

Question 42

what is amplitude modulation

Answer 42

amount of stim = amount of change

Question 43

what is encoded?

Answer 43

Type of stimulus (what is it’s nature or modality) (characteristic) Location Strength/intensity Duration (onset and offset) Frequency and rate RP is AM AP is FM where it came from, what type of stimulus it was, where in brain it goes

Question 44

type of stimulus

Answer 44

each receptor has modality of what it picks up - from that receptor to brain to perceive that stimulus) skin receptor on hand picking up touch, neurons tell brain it is touch based on the receptor it came from if it was pain receptor, will perceive it as pain if light to retina, perceive as light mode is picked up by the type of receptor stimulating wrong thing - hard punch to eye and seeing light ex. like a category - brain knows what it is because of where it came from and stimulated inner ear receptor - hearing pacinian corpusal - touch

Question 45

location

Answer 45

where in the body then mapped to a place in the CNS (receptive fields) knows because of mapping in brain HAL left hand goes to right side and goes to HAL’s hand and brain knows it was a bug on the L hand

Question 46

strength

Answer 46

AM for RP and sensitivity of the receptor (some more sensitive some only responding to strong stimuli) amp modulated more volt change in receptor stronger the stimulus

Question 47

Duration

Answer 47

Duration = duration (and some special responses such as only at the onset0 some neurons respond differently when gets to CNS, PSTH (onset, primary like, offset, choppers, pausers) and picking up these things

Question 48

Freq/rate

Answer 48

daptation to sustained stimuli because we have receptors while stim is there, tapping vs vibrating tuning fork on hand can pick up once rp starts ap and carries the distance it goes to CNS, it isn’t amp modulated it goes to frequency modulated slower for softer faster for stronger

Question 49

RP

Answer 49

AM

Question 50

AP

Answer 50

FM

Question 51

what happens with encoding

Answer 51

anything that we need to know about ext environ and sensations has to be binary coded into RP strong enough or not? got AP and fast or slow moving? where it is coming from and what receptor is picking it up