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AUDE 5260 Human Anatomy & Neuroanatomy > Sensory Receptors and Sensory Transduction > Flashcards

Sensory Receptors and Sensory Transduction Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanical displacement

A

Mechanoreceptors

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2
Q

Temperature change

A

Thermoreceptors

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3
Q

Tissue damage
alerted to this and associate it with pain

A

Nociceptors Pain

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4
Q

Chemicals
Food (salty, spicy, bitter, etc.) (on tongue)
smells (nose) (tequila, hand sanitizer)

A

Chemoreceptors

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5
Q

Light
photons

A

photoreceptors

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6
Q

cells that detect stimuli and produce receptor potentials

A

sensory receptors

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7
Q

monitoring within the body

A

Interoceptors

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8
Q

respond to changes in position of the body or its parts

A

proprioceptors

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9
Q

respond to stimuli that arise outside the body

A

Exteroceptors

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10
Q

the type of stimulus to which a receptor is most sensitive
what most easily stimulates a receptor

A

Adequate stimulus

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11
Q

area in the periphery where application of an adequate stimulus will cause a receptor to respond

A

Receptive fields

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12
Q

can stimuli stimulate other receptors?

A

yes, seeing light when punched in the eye (mechanical force of the punch can push on receptors so hard that a flash of light is seen) (sound in oval window should go down cochlea to stimulate that side but if it is loud enough or an extra window in canal, it will stimulate vestib side causing nystagmus)

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13
Q

what are special senses

A

Hearing (audition) & Balance
* Vision
* Olfaction
* Taste (gustatory sensations)

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14
Q

layers or a thin capsule

A

Encapsulated

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15
Q

free nerve endings or accessory structures

A

nonencapsulated

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16
Q

examples of cutaneous receptors

A

encapsulated and nonencapsulated

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17
Q

what are inner hair cells?

A

specialized mechanoreceptors

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18
Q

6 prominent types of mechanoreceptors in skin and subcutaneous tissues

A

Encapsulated—Pacinian corpuscle, Meissner corpuscle, Ruffini ending
– Nonecapsulated –Hair receptors, Merkel endings, free nerve endings

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19
Q

encapsulated
Detect muscle length

A

muscle spindles

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20
Q

Important Receptors in
Muscles and Joints

A

Many free nerve endings—function unknown
Muscle spindles - muscles
GTOs
Joint receptors - in joints

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21
Q

encapsulated and similar to Ruffini endings
Detect muscle tension

A

golgi tendon organs

22
Q

Free nerve endings and others similar to receptors found in the skin
Respond to joint position and movement

A

joint receptors

23
Q

all proprioceptors in joints, tendons, and muscles

A

Muscle spindles - muscles
GTOs
Joint receptors - in joints

24
Q

how proprioception relates to as and vs?

A

helps keep our balance

25
Q

Variety of receptors
Less is known about these
Mostly free nerve endings
Acting mostly at the subconscious level through visceral reflexes

A

visceral receptors

26
Q

if bladder is full
blood vessels dilate or constrict
at organ level

A

visceral receptors

27
Q

cells that detect types of stimuli and generate Receptor Potentials

A

Sensory receptor

28
Q

inside of the cell about ______ more negative than outside

A

65 to 70 mv

29
Q

electrical difference/change/firing

A

Potential

30
Q

If a threshold of change is reached

A

then an Action Potentials will be generated to travel along an axon

31
Q

opposite charges

A

attract

32
Q

same charges

A

repel

33
Q

If opposite charges are physically separated

A

Energy is expended and work is performed to keep them separate
If the charges are released, the charges come together (move) returning energy to the system
“Separated charge is potential electrical energy”

34
Q

why do we need charge to not be at 0?

A

need cells to have extracellular fluid ready for receptor potential and action potential and equal status with all ions wouldn’t cause any activity and we would be dead

35
Q

Elongated doughnut shapes
Ions can pass through the central pore
selectively permeable

A

ion channels

36
Q

Ions of the Cellular Milieu

A

K+ Potassium
Na+ Sodium
Cl- Chloride
Ca++ Calcium
A- Anions

37
Q

At rest ____ leaks into the cell and ____ leaks out

A

Na+ , K+

38
Q

The sodium-potassium pump counterbalances this leakage moving

A

3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in (3:2 ratio)

39
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase pump

A

active/uses energy
Maintains and re-establishes the resting membrane potential (balance necessary)

40
Q

Other pumps exist too for

A

Ca++ and Cl-

41
Q

Explain receptor potential process

A

Local (non-propogated), graded (amplitude modulated) change in the electrochemical balance
The beginning of encoding sensory information
Changes the stimulus into an electrochemical change that the nervous system uses to transmit and understand the sensory input
If threshold is reached, for example shifting the potential from -70 mv to -45 mv
Action Potentials begin to fire/travel along the neuron
Communication across synapses
Carried to a destination for an action or processing
The receptor returns to its resting potential

42
Q

what is amplitude modulation

A

amount of stim = amount of change

43
Q

what is encoded?

A

Type of stimulus (what is it’s nature or modality) (characteristic)
Location
Strength/intensity
Duration (onset and offset)
Frequency and rate
RP is AM
AP is FM
where it came from, what type of stimulus it was, where in brain it goes

44
Q

type of stimulus

A

each receptor has modality of what it picks up - from that receptor to brain to perceive that stimulus)
skin receptor on hand picking up touch, neurons tell brain it is touch based on the receptor it came from
if it was pain receptor, will perceive it as pain
if light to retina, perceive as light
mode is picked up by the type of receptor
stimulating wrong thing - hard punch to eye and seeing light ex.
like a category - brain knows what it is because of where it came from and stimulated
inner ear receptor - hearing
pacinian corpusal - touch

45
Q

location

A

where in the body then mapped to a place in the CNS (receptive fields)
knows because of mapping in brain
HAL
left hand goes to right side and goes to HAL’s hand and brain knows it was a bug on the L hand

46
Q

strength

A

AM for RP and sensitivity of the receptor (some more sensitive some only responding to strong stimuli)
amp modulated
more volt change in receptor stronger the stimulus

47
Q

Duration

A

Duration = duration (and some special responses such as only at the onset0
some neurons respond differently when gets to CNS, PSTH (onset, primary like, offset, choppers, pausers) and picking up these things

48
Q

Freq/rate

A

daptation to sustained stimuli
because we have receptors while stim is there, tapping vs vibrating tuning fork on hand
can pick up
once rp starts ap and carries the distance it goes to CNS, it isn’t amp modulated it goes to frequency modulated
slower for softer
faster for stronger

49
Q

RP

A

AM

50
Q

AP

A

FM

51
Q

what happens with encoding

A

anything that we need to know about ext environ and sensations has to be binary coded into RP strong enough or not? got AP and fast or slow moving?
where it is coming from and what receptor is picking it up

AUDE 5260 Human Anatomy & Neuroanatomy (24 decks)

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