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AUDE 5260 Human Anatomy & Neuroanatomy > Cerebral, Subcortical, and BS > Flashcards

Cerebral, Subcortical, and BS Flashcards

1
Q

the most numerous cells in the cortex

A

pyramidal cells

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2
Q

send info from one cortical area to another on the same side, usually from nearby gyri

A

short association fibers

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3
Q

connecting lobes within a single hemisphere

A

long association fibers

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4
Q

white matter

A

corona radiata & internal capsule

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5
Q

wernickes to brocas long association fiber

A

arcuate fasciculus

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6
Q

Describe the cortex

A

outer protection of the brain
dips and sulci on outside
receives sensory info to process and motor commands being generated here
white matter underlying this (corona radiata)
1 lateral
6 deepest
Information is carried to and from the cortex
2-4 mm of superficial gray matter with underlying white matter
Gray matter divided into 6 horizontal layers (roman numeral I- VI with I most lateral/superficial and VI deepest)
Brodmann divided the cortex into 50 numbered areas

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7
Q

another name for cortex

A

neocortex

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8
Q

describe the cortical columns

A

Vertically organized cells that form the basic processing units with each column being specific to a single modality and location
Perpendicular to the surface

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9
Q

inner chamber

A

thalamus

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10
Q

sits right on top of the midbrain

A

thalamus

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11
Q

involved in many sensory, motor and cognitive

A

thalamus

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12
Q

all sensory info but olfaction must pass through here to the cortex

A

thalamus

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13
Q

all motor info must descend through here to reach bs and sc before motor command is activated

A

thalamus

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14
Q

forms the third ventricle and sends CSF to the cerebral aqueduct

A

thalamus

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15
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus

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16
Q

stalk to the pituatary gland

A

infundibulum stalk

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17
Q

medulla is part of

A

midbrain

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18
Q

Consists of the epithalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, thalamus
The medial surfaces form the 3rd ventricle

A

thalamus

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19
Q

pineal gland

A

An endocrine gland involved in seasonal cycles, circadian rhythms, including sleep-wake cycles
Secretes melatonin
part of epithalamus
hangs on back of thalamus and near splenium of cc

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20
Q

lie in the inner surface of the hypothalamus

A

mammillary bodies

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21
Q

humans able to override this a lot but do have drive related behaviors that are affected

A

pineal gland

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22
Q

nuclei of thalamus

A

mostly named by their locationd

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23
Q

connects the master gland of the endocrine system

A

pituitary gland

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24
Q

also called hypophysis

A

pituitary gland

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25
Q

what makes up the basal nuclei (ganglia)

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens, and diencephalic subthalamic nuclei and substantia nigra

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26
Q

near the wall of the lateral ventricle and has a C-shaped course with a head anteriorly and tail posterior and inferiorly
tadpole

A

caudate

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27
Q

form a wedge

A

putamen, globus pallidus

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28
Q

medially wedge

A

globus pallidus

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29
Q

lateral wedge

A

putamen

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30
Q

are lateral to internal capsule

A

putamen and globus pallidus

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31
Q

are medial to internal capsule

A

caudate and thalamus

32
Q

group of basal nuclei

A

striatum

33
Q

striped appearance on sagittal slices not at midline

A

striatum

34
Q

refers to the putamen and globus pallidus grouped together

A

lenticular nucleus

35
Q

highly related to motor function

A

basal ganglia

36
Q

why are basal ganglia important?

A

feedback loop system because of result of involvement in most cortical functions (m, c, e,)
gets involved in lots of things
important because they make a strong loop bw thalamus and cortex and the nucle
cortex to bn , bn to thalamus, thalamus back to cortex

37
Q

play important roles in movement, as well as other functions

A

Basal nuclei

38
Q

hypokinetic movement disorder

A

parkinson’s disease

39
Q

rigid & stiff, less motor movements

A

hypokinetic

40
Q

trouble with inertia (trouble starting to walk and trouble stopping)

A

parkinson’s disease

41
Q

parkinson’s can have control over what other things

A

dementia, mood disorders, and more

42
Q

receptors that receive dopamine

A

dopaminergic

43
Q

precursor to dopamine

A

levodopa

44
Q

what leads to PD

A

loss of dopaminergic neurons i the substantia nigra

45
Q

Turning drives and motivations into behaviors supported by the autonomic nervous system

A

limbic system structures

46
Q

Cingulate gyrus
Parahippocampal gyri

A

cortical structures

47
Q

memory and learning

A

hippocampus (subcortical)

48
Q

emotional experiences and responses (plays a strong role in tinnitus)

A

amygdala (subcortical)

49
Q

coordinates drive-related behaviors

A

hypothalamus (subcortical

50
Q

how can limbic system structures bridge auton0mic and voluntary reponses

A

Cold room– ANS through the hypothalamus causes cutaneous (blood vessels) vasoconstriction and shivering and we choose to put on a warm jacket or blanket

51
Q

mainly afferents from spinal cord and brainstem to the cerebellum

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

52
Q

major portion of inferior cerebellar peduncle (“ropelike”) with fibers from spinal cord and brainstem

A

restiform body

53
Q

additional fibers of the ICP (inferior cerebellar peduncle) connecting cerebellum and vestibular nuclei

A

juxtarestiform bod

54
Q

the largest and it emerges from the basal pons
Mainly contains afferents from the contra pontine nuclei

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

55
Q

Has many decussations and mainly efferent pathways from cerebellum to red nucleus and thalamus

A

superior cerebellar peduncle

56
Q

info goes from bs to the cerebellum = afferent

A

MCP and ICP

57
Q

info going out of cerebellum to cortex - efferent

A

SCP

58
Q

Known for unique Purkinje cells with intricate and extensive dendritic tree in the cerebellar cortex and axons leaving the cerebellar cortex to deep nuclei

A

cerebellum

59
Q

cerebellum influences movements of the ______ side of the body

A

ipsilateral

60
Q

Involved in equilibrium, control of muscle tone, posture and coordination of voluntary movements

A

cerebellum

61
Q

referred to as the vestibulocerebellum

A

Flocculonodular lobe

62
Q

what is sign of cerebellar dysfunction?

A

cerebellar discoordination (not having good coordination drunken walk)

63
Q

Receives vestibular, spinal and cortical inputs

A

cerebellum

64
Q

Some primary vestibular afferents of CN VIII go through the _______ body to the ______ and _____

A

juxtarestiform body to the nodulus and uvula

65
Q

what is the uvula of the cerebellum

A

vermis portion between tonsils

66
Q

collection of axons ventral/anterior to the tegmentum

A

basis of bs

67
Q

“covering”)-ventral/anterior covering of the 4th ventricle
Containing most of the brainstem tracts and nuclei
Reticular formation—diffusely organized groups of cells in this

A

tegmentum of bs

68
Q

“roof”)—dorsal/posterior covering, formed by tectal plate in midbrain

A

tectum of bs

69
Q

the basis in the midbrain region

A

cerebral peduncles

70
Q

gray matter located in the basis of the pontine region

A

basil pontine nucleus

71
Q

forming the basis in the medulla

A

medullary pyramids

72
Q

Describe the transition from sc to bs

A

At the level of the medulla
Disorganization and smaller sizes for ventral and dorsal horns after the decussation of the corticospinal tracts
Horns less distinguishable
Dorsal columns become the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus
Rostral medulla—inferior olivary nuclei and inferior cerebellar peduncles are presen

73
Q

what is included in the pons

A

Gray matter-basal pontine nuclei
Axons—middle cerebellar peduncles at caudal level
Also corticobulbar spinal tracts—more later
4th ventricle distinguishable
Anterior Lateral System is prominent
Superior cerebellar peduncles in the rostral pons

74
Q

what is included in the midbrain

A

Fourth ventricle narrows to form cerebral aqueduct
Periaqueductal gray PAG is gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct
Medial lemniscus and anterolateral system present in lateral positions

75
Q

what is the reticular formation

A

Central core of the brainstem
Occupies most of the tegmentum of the midbrain, pons and medulla
Network of cell bodies and processes
Connects to all levels of the CNS
Involved in all aspects of function for integration

AUDE 5260 Human Anatomy & Neuroanatomy (24 decks)

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