Cerebral, Subcortical, and BS Flashcards by Libby Sarra

the most numerous cells in the cortex

pyramidal cells

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send info from one cortical area to another on the same side, usually from nearby gyri

short association fibers

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connecting lobes within a single hemisphere

long association fibers

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white matter

corona radiata & internal capsule

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wernickes to brocas long association fiber

arcuate fasciculus

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Describe the cortex

outer protection of the brain
dips and sulci on outside
receives sensory info to process and motor commands being generated here
white matter underlying this (corona radiata)
1 lateral
6 deepest
Information is carried to and from the cortex
2-4 mm of superficial gray matter with underlying white matter
Gray matter divided into 6 horizontal layers (roman numeral I- VI with I most lateral/superficial and VI deepest)
Brodmann divided the cortex into 50 numbered areas

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another name for cortex

neocortex

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describe the cortical columns

Vertically organized cells that form the basic processing units with each column being specific to a single modality and location
Perpendicular to the surface

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inner chamber

thalamus

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sits right on top of the midbrain

thalamus

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involved in many sensory, motor and cognitive

thalamus

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all sensory info but olfaction must pass through here to the cortex

thalamus

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all motor info must descend through here to reach bs and sc before motor command is activated

thalamus

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forms the third ventricle and sends CSF to the cerebral aqueduct

thalamus

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diencephalon

thalamus

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stalk to the pituatary gland

infundibulum stalk

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medulla is part of

midbrain

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Consists of the epithalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, thalamus
The medial surfaces form the 3rd ventricle

thalamus

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pineal gland

An endocrine gland involved in seasonal cycles, circadian rhythms, including sleep-wake cycles
Secretes melatonin
part of epithalamus
hangs on back of thalamus and near splenium of cc

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lie in the inner surface of the hypothalamus

mammillary bodies

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humans able to override this a lot but do have drive related behaviors that are affected

pineal gland

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nuclei of thalamus

mostly named by their locationd

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connects the master gland of the endocrine system

pituitary gland

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also called hypophysis

pituitary gland

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what makes up the basal nuclei (ganglia)

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens, and diencephalic subthalamic nuclei and substantia nigra

near the wall of the lateral ventricle and has a C-shaped course with a head anteriorly and tail posterior and inferiorly tadpole

caudate

form a wedge

putamen, globus pallidus

medially wedge

globus pallidus

lateral wedge

putamen

are lateral to internal capsule

putamen and globus pallidus

are medial to internal capsule

caudate and thalamus

group of basal nuclei

striatum

striped appearance on sagittal slices not at midline

striatum

refers to the putamen and globus pallidus grouped together

lenticular nucleus

highly related to motor function

basal ganglia

why are basal ganglia important?

feedback loop system because of result of involvement in most cortical functions (m, c, e,) gets involved in lots of things important because they make a strong loop bw thalamus and cortex and the nucle cortex to bn , bn to thalamus, thalamus back to cortex

play important roles in movement, as well as other functions

Basal nuclei

hypokinetic movement disorder

parkinson's disease

rigid & stiff, less motor movements

hypokinetic

trouble with inertia (trouble starting to walk and trouble stopping)

parkinson's disease

parkinson's can have control over what other things

dementia, mood disorders, and more

receptors that receive dopamine

dopaminergic

precursor to dopamine

levodopa

what leads to PD

loss of dopaminergic neurons i the substantia nigra

Turning drives and motivations into behaviors supported by the autonomic nervous system

limbic system structures

Cingulate gyrus Parahippocampal gyri

cortical structures

memory and learning

hippocampus (subcortical)

emotional experiences and responses (plays a strong role in tinnitus)

amygdala (subcortical)

coordinates drive-related behaviors

hypothalamus (subcortical

how can limbic system structures bridge auton0mic and voluntary reponses

Cold room– ANS through the hypothalamus causes cutaneous (blood vessels) vasoconstriction and shivering and we choose to put on a warm jacket or blanket

mainly afferents from spinal cord and brainstem to the cerebellum

inferior cerebellar peduncle

major portion of inferior cerebellar peduncle (“ropelike”) with fibers from spinal cord and brainstem

restiform body

additional fibers of the ICP (inferior cerebellar peduncle) connecting cerebellum and vestibular nuclei

juxtarestiform bod

the largest and it emerges from the basal pons Mainly contains afferents from the contra pontine nuclei

middle cerebellar peduncle

Has many decussations and mainly efferent pathways from cerebellum to red nucleus and thalamus

superior cerebellar peduncle

info goes from bs to the cerebellum = afferent

MCP and ICP

info going out of cerebellum to cortex - efferent

SCP

Known for unique Purkinje cells with intricate and extensive dendritic tree in the cerebellar cortex and axons leaving the cerebellar cortex to deep nuclei

cerebellum

cerebellum influences movements of the ______ side of the body

ipsilateral

Involved in equilibrium, control of muscle tone, posture and coordination of voluntary movements

cerebellum

referred to as the vestibulocerebellum

Flocculonodular lobe

what is sign of cerebellar dysfunction?

cerebellar discoordination (not having good coordination drunken walk)

Receives vestibular, spinal and cortical inputs

cerebellum

Some primary vestibular afferents of CN VIII go through the _______ body to the ______ and _____

juxtarestiform body to the nodulus and uvula

what is the uvula of the cerebellum

vermis portion between tonsils

collection of axons ventral/anterior to the tegmentum

basis of bs

“covering”)-ventral/anterior covering of the 4th ventricle Containing most of the brainstem tracts and nuclei Reticular formation—diffusely organized groups of cells in this

tegmentum of bs

“roof”)—dorsal/posterior covering, formed by tectal plate in midbrain

tectum of bs

the basis in the midbrain region

cerebral peduncles

gray matter located in the basis of the pontine region

basil pontine nucleus

forming the basis in the medulla

medullary pyramids

Describe the transition from sc to bs

At the level of the medulla Disorganization and smaller sizes for ventral and dorsal horns after the decussation of the corticospinal tracts Horns less distinguishable Dorsal columns become the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus Rostral medulla—inferior olivary nuclei and inferior cerebellar peduncles are presen

what is included in the pons

Gray matter-basal pontine nuclei Axons—middle cerebellar peduncles at caudal level Also corticobulbar spinal tracts—more later 4th ventricle distinguishable Anterior Lateral System is prominent Superior cerebellar peduncles in the rostral pons

what is included in the midbrain

Fourth ventricle narrows to form cerebral aqueduct Periaqueductal gray PAG is gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct Medial lemniscus and anterolateral system present in lateral positions

what is the reticular formation

Central core of the brainstem Occupies most of the tegmentum of the midbrain, pons and medulla Network of cell bodies and processes Connects to all levels of the CNS Involved in all aspects of function for integration