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AUDE 5260 Human Anatomy & Neuroanatomy > Nervous System Cells > Flashcards

Nervous System Cells Flashcards

1
Q

signaling units encoding stimulus from our environment to our ns to be processed

A

neurons

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2
Q

______ neurons in the human nervous system

A

~100 billion

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3
Q

initial segment
the region where the plasma membrane generates nerve impulses

A

axon hillock

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4
Q

what are glial cells

A

the “glue”
Supportive cells—supply firmness and support the chemical environment
10 times more glial cells than neurons (trillion)

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5
Q

surrounding axons

A

myelin sheath

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6
Q

cell body

A

soma

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7
Q

terminal bouton

A

ending, where synapse occurs at end of axon

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8
Q

two common structures in our nervous system

A

pseudounipolar
multipolar
bipolar

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9
Q

bipolar

A

unique to special senses, like auditory system

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10
Q

Supporting cells of the PNS
Forming myelin around peripheral axons
Separating unmyelinated axons
Become phagocytes when there is injury or inflammation

A

glial cells

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11
Q

what is a special type of glial cell?

A

schwanna cells

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12
Q

flattened type of glial cell in the PNS & produce myelin

A

schwann cells

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13
Q

why is it important to have myelin?

A

increases the speed of transmission of action potentials to carry the electrical signals/messages; separates unmyelinated axons, become phagocytes when there is injury or inflammation

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14
Q

eat up any debri/bacteria
cleaning up and go around injury to clean up

A

phagocytes

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15
Q

provide structural and metabolic support—star-shaped
in CNS

A

Astrocytes

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16
Q

myelin forming glial cells in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

Make up only about 5-10% of the glia
They become active in response to antigens
Once activated they are called macrophages or phagocytes and can migrate to damaged areas and devour or phagocytose pathogens, neuronal debris and injured neurons

A

Microglia

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18
Q

inside CNS

A

oligodendrocytes - myelin
migroglia - phagocytes

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19
Q

in PNS

A

scwhann - makes myelin
phagocytes

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20
Q

No meninges
Cell types:
Neurons
Glia
Mostly Schwann Cells

A

PNS

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21
Q

Covered by meninges
Cell types:
Neurons
Glia
Oligodendrocytes
Similar to Schwann Cells
Astrocytes
Microglial Cells
Ependymal Cells

A

CNS

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22
Q

oligodendrocytes are done making myelin and schwann cells take over is where

A

cns turns to pNS

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23
Q

soma

A

cell body (perikaryon)
Supports the metabolic and synthetic needs
Synthesize macromolecules needed by the cell and integrate electrical signals

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24
Q

dendrites

A

Branching processes
Receiving information from other neurons

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25
Q

Conducts information away from the cell body and to other neurons or other organs

A

axon

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26
Q

Can have series of terminal branches at the end

A

Single cylindrical projection

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27
Q

transmits info to other neurons at the synapse

A

terminal bouton

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28
Q

bilayer of lipid molecules and protein molecules
Maintains the ionic concentration
Selectively permeable
Also has active pumping mechanisms

A

cell membrane

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29
Q

outside of the cell body and membrane

A

extracellular fluid

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30
Q

more than a meter, extending from the cerebral cortex to the lower spinal cord

A

axons (single neuron)

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31
Q

axon having synapse with cell body

A

axosomatic

32
Q

terminal bouton synapse on anothers terminal bouton (modulation)

A

axoaxonic

33
Q

one axon carries info to dendrite of next cell

A

axodendritic

34
Q

what is a neuron composed of

A

cell body with processes (extensions) called dendrites and an axon, which carry impulses to and away from the cell body, respectively.

35
Q

how can synapses happen

A

synapse with another neuron
neuromuscular
neuroglandular

36
Q

motor axon neurotransmitter (excitatory)

A

acetycholine

37
Q

Most common in vertebrates
Multiple dendritic projections coming off of the cell body and usually an axon

A

multipolar

38
Q

two processes coming off of the cell body
Special sensory neurons such as CN I, CN II and CN VIII are true bipolar neurons

A

bipolar

39
Q

Only one process coming off the cell body
common in invertebrates

A

unipolar

40
Q

started out as bipolar and grew to have only on stalk coming off the cell body that then branches into to processes (i.e. most cranial nerves)

A

pseudounipolar / pseudomonipolar

41
Q

are there one type of cell in nervous system

A

no
globular, pyramidal (such as in the cerebrum), Purkinje cells (cerebellar), granule, stellate, octopus

42
Q

arbor vitae is made to look like tree due to

A

purkinje cells

43
Q

Groups of functionally related cell bodies in the CNS

A

nuclei

44
Q

(bundle of cell bodies grouped together in the central)

A

nuclei

45
Q

mainly cell bodies and dendrites

A

grey matter

46
Q

areas of mainly axons

A

white matter

47
Q

an area of layered gray matter covering some part of the CNS (cerebral and cerebellar cortices)

A

cortex

48
Q

Many names for collections of axons in the CNS

A

Fasciculus, funiculus, lemniscus, peduncle, and commonly tract (i.e. medial longitudinal fasciculus, lateral lemniscus and cerebellar peduncles, optic tract)

49
Q

Names of tracts often tell the location of the cell bodies of origin and the site of termination (i.e. spinocerebellar tract)

A

axons

50
Q

Clusters of functionally related cell bodies in the PNS

A

ganglia

51
Q

Axons in the PNS form

A

peripheral nerves

52
Q

group of subcortical cell bodies that process things related to movement and function of brain, CNS

A

basal ganglia

53
Q

what is the formation of myelin

A

Lipids and proteins
Wrapping axons

54
Q

ganglia and nerves

A

PNS

55
Q

a gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent Schwann cells.

A

node of ranvier

56
Q

bare spaces without myelin

A

node of ranvier

57
Q

produces one segment of myelin along a single axon

A

single schwann (PNS)

58
Q

extends processes to several axons to envelope them

A

single oligodendrocyte (CNS

59
Q

one to one schwann in PNS vs one to many oligodendrocyte in CNS?

A

more tightly packed and encased in sc, brain and bs, so it makes sense for one to wrap around to many
more compact in CNS so why oli wraps around many axons

60
Q

where do neurons depolarize on an axon?

A

at the node of ranvie

61
Q

inside neural tissue wrapping

A

Endoneurium

62
Q

several axons together inside fascicle

A

Perineurium

63
Q

multiple of fascicle bundles wrapped in perineurium

A

Epineurium

64
Q

jumping from node to node

A

SALTATORY CONDUCTIONe

65
Q

explain process of SALTATORY CONDUCTION

A

Speed increased by myelin

drove sodium inside at the node and switched to a + inside that node

next one is at rest with - inside and volt change at one triggers it to stimulate and open at 2nd node (voltage gated ion channels opened)

forward propagating

66
Q

what is grey matter

A

Actually pinkish gray in color due to abundant blood supply
Nuclei-functionally related cell bodies in the CNS
Also cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex which are layered surface coverings in parts of the CNS
Other named areas of gray matter such as the putamen, a nucleus in the cerebral hemispheres (subcortical nuclei - thalamus, hypothalamus, etc.)

67
Q

outside surface of brain and cerebellum (about 4mm of it all around it)

A

grey matter

68
Q

what is white matter

A

mostly axons due to the myelin sheath around many axons
Myelin is mostly composed of lipids and has a fatty white appearance

69
Q

lipids give this its color

A

white matter

70
Q

what is multiple sclerosis?

A

a disease of myelin
body attacks itself (autoimmune)
Destruction of myelin in patchy areas of CNS

71
Q

what would we see and symptom of MS?

A

slowing of failure of action potentials conduction
muscle weakness

72
Q

why is ms hard to treat

A

hard to treat because it is at the cellular level of a single schwann wrapping around
cannot repair this
not sure what chemical or what to change to make the cells work better

73
Q

what is guillain barre

A

May follow acute respiratory illness
* Autoimmune attack on peripheral (including cranial) nerves
* Patchy demyelination

74
Q

what would we see and symptom of guillain barre

A

May follow acute respiratory illness
Slowing and failure of AP conduction
* Muscle weakness
* Ventilator dependency
* Functional recovery 2-4 wks after stabilization of symptoms (usually)

75
Q

what DEMYELINATING DISORDERS can have recovery?

A

guillain barre, Functional recovery 2-4 wks after stabilization of symptoms (usually)

76
Q

_____ can recover better with demyelinating disorders than ____ can

A

PNS, CNS

AUDE 5260 Human Anatomy & Neuroanatomy (24 decks)

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