Embryology of CNS & PNS Flashcards by Libby Sarra

developing egg

oocyte

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cellular process that replicates chromosomes and produces two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division

mitosis

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gastrulation

formation of germ layers

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formation of endoderm and ectoderm

by 2nd week

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mesoderm bw/ ect and end

by 3rd week

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future center where the sc and bs line up

notocord

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where does the CNS form from

neural fold, deepens and pinches off form the outside

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what is the neural fold made of

tube of ectoderm

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creates the outer skin layers, nervous system and sense organs

ectoderm

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are the outer and inner ear made of ectoderm?

YES

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Makes skeletal structures, circulatory structures, meninges, notochord, reproductive organs and cartilage

mesoderm

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what are the ossicles and temporal bone made of

mesoderm

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what do we have in avs that uses air?

ET (air to nasopharynx), middle ear and mastoid air cells
air filled spaces for tubes related to our ear come from endoderm

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makes the digestive canal and respiratory organs (viscera)

endoderm

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what are the middle ear, mastoid cavities and ET made of?

endoderm

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can genetic issues only affect one germ layer and not the others

yes

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when is it called an embryo

first 8 weeks

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when does it turn to a fetus

when it forms human type shape

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what occurs in the 3rd week of CNS development

ectoderm neural placode, folds, then groove at dorsal midline

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how does the neural tube fuse?

zips in both caudal and rostral directions

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which end of the neural tube fuses first

rostral does 2 days before caudal

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what is the superior opening of the neural tube

cranial/rostral neuropore

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what is the inferior opening of the neural tube

caudal neuropore

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crest cells left behind by each neural fold makes

form things in PNS (sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia, some CN’s, schwann cells, etc.)

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what are ectodermal placodes

specialized regions of cranial ectoderm that create special sense organs and majority of the sensory neurons in the head

separates the neural tube into dorsal half and ventral half

sulcus limitans

primarily sensory

alar/dorsal plate (dorsal horns)

derivatives are motor

basal/ventral plate (ventral horns)

do alar and basal separation continue in the BS?

yes

sensory area of skin supplied by a single afferent spinal nerve and by afferents of cranial nerve V

dermatome

failure of caudal neuropore to close

spina bifida

spina bifida can lose

sensory and motor function at and below level of lesion

what is the least severe type of SB

Oculta

this SB is marked with a tuft of hair over it

oculta

is SB Oculta protected?

no, vertebrae is not covering the area just skin

which sb has meninges that protrude out in a saclike cavity over the defect

SB Meningocele

bulge of csf and dura in this SB

meningocele

sc and meninges protrude out in a saclike cavity over the defect

myelomeningocele sb

what is the difference between myelomeningocele and meningocele sb?

there is a larger gap b/w vertebrae, more CSF and dura present in the saclike cavity and the sc is also in it

which SB do we see the most deficit in motor and sensory function?

myelomeningocele because because they don’t transmit info properly and can get very damage being outside of the bony cavity

what can prevent sb?

diet and health of mom, no toxicity

what accomponies myelomeningocele?

arnold-chiari malformation

Herniation of cerebellum and caudal brainstem through the foramen magnum and may obstruct the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, producing hydrocephalus.

arnold-chiari malformation

what is the opening between the skin and meninges?

dural sinus, can be surgically repaired

how does crania bifida form

when rostral neuropore fails to close

can crania bifida children survive?

no, not conducive for post natal life

a result of this is anencephaly

crania bifida

are we able to detect and prevent neural deficits?

dietary supplements can reduce cases of SB and crania bifida we can detect neural tube defects through ultrasound or other prenatal tests Sufficient folic acid is needed in the maternal diet

this can occur before women know they are pregnant

neurulation (formation of nervous system)

where future bs meets future sc

cervical flexure

at level of future midbrain, remains as bend bw axis of brainstem and axis of cerebrum in adult CNS

cephalic flexure

on poster/dorsal surface in area of pons and 4th ventricle

pontine flexure

forebrain

prosencephalon

encephalon

brain

what are the divisions of prosencephalon

telencephalon & diencephalon

cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres & lateral ventricles

telencephalon

thalamus and surroundings and 3rd ventricle

diencephalon

midbrain and cerebral acqueduct

mesencephalon

hindbrain

rhombencephalon

what are divisions of thombencephalon

metencephalon and myelencephalon

cerebellum and pons and part of 4th ventricle

metencephalon

medulla and part of 4th and central canal

myelencephalon

no brain

anencephaly

how are ventricles formed

by the cavity of the neural tube

abnormality of cns with partial/incomplete development of prosencephalon (forebrain) and there is no separation of R and L diencephalon and telencephalon structures

holoprosencephaly

single midline eye abnormality

holoprosencephaly

is holoprosencephaly fatal?

yes

what is the nervous system highly impacted by

genetic changes

what percent do diseases increase to if neuromuscular system, eyes and ears are included

80-90%

single mutant gene it is transmitted from one or two people to the offspring

monogenic disorder

single mutant gene and there is an outside of the body environmental factor exogenous environmental factors

mutlifactorial disorder

Excess, lack or structural alteration of one or more of the 23 pairs of chromosomes - e.g., Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

nonmendelian chromosomal aberrations

alteration in mitochondrial DNA - nonmendelian; mainly maternal transmission - affects enzymes of mitochondria

mitochondrial transmission of disease

how do newborns nervous systems function

at the brainstem-spinal level higher centers are not yet myelinated

what functions do we monitor in infants?

control of respiration control of body temp regulation of thirst, fluid balance and appetite

what are examples of drive related behaviors

rooting, sucking, swallowing, grasping etc.

describe the moro reflex

called a startle reflex because it usually occurs when a baby is startled by a loud sound or movement. In response to the sound, the baby throws back his/her head, throws out his/her arms and legs, cries, then pulls his/her arms and legs back in. Sometimes, a baby's own cries can startle him/her - initiating this reflex. The Moro reflex lasts until the baby is about 5 to 6 months old

inability to break down ganglioside which accumulates in neurons causing them to swell, burst lysosomal storage disease

tay sachs disease

inability to break down sphingomyelin which accumulates in neurons causing them to swell & burst

neimann pick disease type a

list some symptoms of NPD Type A

seizures, hypersensitivity to touch, sudden loss of muscle tone, progressive loss of early motor skills

what is the survival rate for NPD T-A

death by 2-4 yrs

inability to metabolize cholesterol and other lipids properly * excessive lipids in the brain

NPD T-C

what is the survival rate for NPD T-C

mid to late teens

signs of NPD T-C

learning difficulties and progressive dementia seizures tremors

inability to metabolize phenylalanine

phenylketonuria

what is the survival rate of hurler syndrome

early teens due to heart disease

damage of hear valves and heart murmurs are common

hurler syndrome

is there treatment for neonatal metabolic diseases?

dietary restriction of specific amino acids * oral supplementation of specific vitamins * bone marrow transplant to supply stem cells to make missing enzyme/s

what is the importance or difficulty with genetic metabolic disorders? Or what makes them so severe and hard to treat?

because their at the cellular level where something like the lysosomes dont have the right enzymes to to break things down and as cells die and they cannot be replaced fast enough causing function to decrease to the point of usually not a full life past childhood.