Exam 1 Flashcards
During embryologic development, six hillocks of tissue form around both sides of the first branchial groove. What do these hillocks eventually become?
pinna of the external ear
accurately describe the anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway
It is a sensory pathway for pain and temperature entering the dorsal roots as Lissauer’s tract and with axons ascending in the anterior-lateral white matter of the spinal cord
During embryological development of the central nervous system, which secondary vesicle of the neural tube becomes the pons, cerebellum and a portion of the fourth ventricle?
metencephalon
CN II
Optic
special sensory nerve for vision
CN V
trigeminal
sensory info from face and motor innervation for mastication/chewing and to the tensor tympani
CN VI
Abducens
motor control of the lateral rectus eye muscles
CN VII
facial
sensory information from the tongue through the corda tympani and motor control for facial expression and the stapedius
CN XI
accessory
motor control of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle
CN XII
Hypoglossal
motor for instrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue
CN I
Olfactory–special sensory nerve for smell
CN X
Vagus–parasympathetic motor function for heart, lungs etc. and sensory
CN III
Occulomotor–special sensory nerve for eye all eye and pupil muscles
CN VIII
special sensory for auditory and vestibular input
CN IV
Trochlear–motor control of superior oblique eye muscles
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal–motor for pharynx and palate and pharynx and taste
CN VIII enters or exits the brainstem at
The pontomedullary junction or cerebellopontine angle
Which extrinsic eye muscles are innervated by CN III?
CN III innervates the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus and inferior oblique
CN IV innervates the superior oblique
CN VI innervates the lateral rectus
What is meant by the term branchiomeric nerves?
Cranial nerves that innervate branchial arch musculature such as CN V, VII, IX, X and XI
Which branchial arches play a major role in development of ear structures?
Branchial arches 1 & 2
The cerebellum is connected to the main body of the pons by 3 pairs of fiber tracts known as the
cerebellar peduncles
The outer 2-4 mm of the cerebral cortex is made up of gray matter that has been divided into horizontal layers based on the cells and functions. Which item below best describes these layers?
Six layers with layer I (one) as the most superficial and layer VI (six) the deepest layer
The superior and inferior colliculi are located in which area of the brainstem?
Tectum of the midbrain
Briefly describe what structures form the circle of Willis, including some of the arteries that create the circle, and state the importance or function of the circle of Willis related to the blood supply of the CNS.
Which type of degeneration involves the distal portion of the axon that has been severed from the cell body and leaves Schwann tubes that may aid in regeneration?
Orthograde degeneration
Which of the following pathways projects primarily from the primary motor cortex, decussating in the pyramids of the medulla, traveling to the lateral white columns in the spinal cord to the ventral gray horn and then innervating muscles to provide the main control of voluntary skilled movements?
Corticospinal tract
Which of the following pathways projects from the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei to the spinal cord to act upon interneurons and motor neurons to control antigravity muscles for postural control?
Vestibulospinal tracts
What is contained in the dorsal root ganglia?
Cell bodies for the pseudounipolar (pseuduomonopolar) sensory axons of the spinal nerves
Which answer best describes the fasciculus gracilis (FG)?
The FG carries somatosensory information including touch and proprioception from the lower extremities to the medulla as part of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway.
Intensity of a stimulus is represented by frequency modulation (rate of firing) for
Action potentials
Embryologically, the central nervous system (including the brain and spinal cord), sense organs such as the cochlear and vestibular hair cells, and the skin are derived from which of the germ layers?
Ectoderm
What is the generic term that describes defects of the spinal cord, during embryologic development when the caudal neuropore does not properly close?
Spina bifida
Which inner ear fluid is able to flow through a duct to reach the subarachnoid space and is thought to be a derivative of CSF?
Perilymph
With respect to neuroembryology, the term gastrulation refers to
Formation of the three primary germ layers